ONT 18 Jul 2002 -B- Reflective Logic
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Note 8
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| The kinds of Rhetoric are three in number,
| corresponding to the three kinds of hearers.
| For every speech is composed of three parts:
| the speaker, the subject of which he treats,
| and the person to whom it is addressed, I
| mean the hearer, to whom the end or object
| of the speech refers. Now the hearer must
| necessarily be either a mere spectator or
| a judge, and a judge either of things past
| or of things to come. For instance, a member
| of the general assembly is a judge of things
| to come; the dicast, of things past; the
| mere spectator, of the ability of the speaker.
| Therefore there are necessarily three kinds
| of rhetorical speeches, deliberative, forensic,
| and epideictic.
|
| The deliberative kind is either hortatory of dissuasive; for both those who
| give advice in private and those who speak in the assembly invariably either
| exhort or dissuade. The forensic kind is either accusatory or defensive;
| for litigants must necessarily either accuse or defend. The epideictic
| kind has for its subject praise or blame.
|
| Further, to each of these a special time is appropriate:
| to the deliberative the future, for the speaker, whether he
| exhorts or dissuades, always advises about things to come;
| to the forensic the past, for it is always in reference to
| things done that one party accuses and the other defends;
| to the epideictic most appropriately the present, for it
| is the existing condition of things that all those who
| praise or blame have in view. It is not uncommon,
| however, for epideictic speakers to avail themselves
| of other times, of the past by way of recalling it,
| or of the future by way of anticipating it.
| Aristotle, "Art of Rhetoric", 1.3.1-4
|
| Aristotle, "The 'Art' of Rhetoric",
| John Henry Freese (trans.), in:
|'Aristotle, Volume 22', G.P. Goold (ed.),
| William Heinemann, London, UK, 1926, 1982.
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