;;; Upper CYC(R) Ontology flat-file ;;; Copyright Cycorp 1997. All rights reserved. ;;;Cycorp License Agreement ;;;Cycorp is providing this material from the Cyc(tm) Upper ;;;Ontology at no charge, for everyone to use, including ;;;commercial service use and incorporation into products. ;;;However, it is not 'Public Domain.' Please acknowledge ;;;Cycorp, 3721 Executive Center Dr., Austin, TX 78731 in ;;;any use or citation of this material, and request that each ;;;further user include a full copy of this notice as well, ;;;in any use or citation they make of the material. All ;;;these terms equally apply to renamings and other ;;;logically equivalent reformulations of the material in ;;;any natural or formal language. Cycorp intends to ;;;amend and expand the material from time to time; the ;;;latest version is available at http://www.cyc.com ;;; #$AFewDaysDuration (#$isa #$AFewDaysDuration #$OrderOfMagnitudeInterval) (#$isa #$AFewDaysDuration #$Time-Quantity) (#$comment #$AFewDaysDuration "Duration of 2 to 10 days") ;;; #$AFewDecadesDuration (#$isa #$AFewDecadesDuration #$OrderOfMagnitudeInterval) (#$isa #$AFewDecadesDuration #$Time-Quantity) (#$comment #$AFewDecadesDuration "Duration of 2 to 10 decades") ;;; #$AFewHoursDuration (#$isa #$AFewHoursDuration #$OrderOfMagnitudeInterval) (#$isa #$AFewHoursDuration #$Time-Quantity) (#$comment #$AFewHoursDuration "Duration of 2 to 10 hours") ;;; #$AFewMinutesDuration (#$isa #$AFewMinutesDuration #$OrderOfMagnitudeInterval) (#$isa #$AFewMinutesDuration #$Time-Quantity) (#$comment #$AFewMinutesDuration "Duration of 2 to 10 minutes") ;;; #$AFewMonthsDuration (#$isa #$AFewMonthsDuration #$OrderOfMagnitudeInterval) (#$isa #$AFewMonthsDuration #$Time-Quantity) (#$comment #$AFewMonthsDuration "A few months 2-10") ;;; #$AFewSecondsDuration (#$isa #$AFewSecondsDuration #$Time-Quantity) (#$isa #$AFewSecondsDuration #$OrderOfMagnitudeInterval) (#$comment #$AFewSecondsDuration "Duration of 2 to 30 seconds") ;;; #$AFewWeeksDuration (#$isa #$AFewWeeksDuration #$OrderOfMagnitudeInterval) (#$isa #$AFewWeeksDuration #$Time-Quantity) (#$comment #$AFewWeeksDuration "Duration of 2 to 10 weeks") ;;; #$AFewYearsDuration (#$isa #$AFewYearsDuration #$OrderOfMagnitudeInterval) (#$isa #$AFewYearsDuration #$Time-Quantity) (#$comment #$AFewYearsDuration "Duration of 2 to 10 years") ;;; #$AbandoningSomething (#$isa #$AbandoningSomething #$ScriptType) (#$isa #$AbandoningSomething #$TemporalObjectType) (#$genls #$AbandoningSomething #$PurposefulAction) (#$genls #$AbandoningSomething #$LosingUserRights) (#$comment #$AbandoningSomething "The collection of events in which some #$Agent deliberately gives up possession of something, without giving it to another.") ;;; #$Ablation (#$isa #$Ablation #$TemporalStuffType) (#$isa #$Ablation #$DefaultDisjointScriptType) (#$genls #$Ablation #$RemovingSomething) (#$genls #$Ablation #$IntrinsicStateChangeEvent) (#$genls #$Ablation #$Separation-Complete) (#$comment #$Ablation "A collection of events. In an #$Ablation, a (usually relatively thin) layer of material is removed from the surface of an object.") ;;; #$AboveGroundLevelInAConstruction (#$isa #$AboveGroundLevelInAConstruction #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$AboveGroundLevelInAConstruction #$LevelOfAConstruction) (#$genls #$AboveGroundLevelInAConstruction #$ContainerProduct) (#$comment #$AboveGroundLevelInAConstruction "This refers to first floor and up. We created this to make the distinction between basements and non-basements. We'd like to be able to talk about, count, etc. the levels above ground.") ;;; #$AbradingSomething (#$isa #$AbradingSomething #$DefaultDisjointScriptType) (#$genls #$AbradingSomething #$Ablation) (#$genls #$AbradingSomething #$PhysicalContactSituation) (#$genls #$AbradingSomething #$VoluntaryBodyMovement) (#$comment #$AbradingSomething "A collection of events. In an #$AbradingSomething event, the surface of some object is gradually worn away by scraping or similar physical contact involving friction. Devices used in elements of #$AbradingSomething include files and sand paper; elements of #$AbradingSomething would include the event in which Howard Hughes sanded down the Spruce Goose for the last time, the event in which Lucy Ricardo filed her fingernails just before her singing debut at Rickie's club, etc.") ;;; #$AbsoluteValueFn (#$isa #$AbsoluteValueFn #$FunctionFromQuantitiesToQuantities) (#$resultIsa #$AbsoluteValueFn #$ScalarInterval) (#$arg1Isa #$AbsoluteValueFn #$ScalarInterval) (#$comment #$AbsoluteValueFn "#$AbsoluteValueFn is the unary mathematical function that returns the absolute value of its argument; e.g., (#$AbsoluteValueFn -2) returns 2, and (#$AbsoluteValueFn 2) returns 2.") ;;; #$AbstractInformation (#$isa #$AbstractInformation #$StuffType) (#$isa #$AbstractInformation #$ObjectType) (#$genls #$AbstractInformation #$Intangible) (#$comment #$AbstractInformation "The collection of all instances of abstract information stored or transmitted in some manner, and representing (to someone potentially at least) something. Abstract information need not have any propositional content (see #$PropositionalInformationThing); a score for music, or a bit-map, are examples. Note that #$AbstractInformation is the abstract, intangible information, not any particular physical embodiment. The same abstract information is often stored in many different physical #$InformationBearingObjects. #$AbstractInformation may or may not be digital; it need not be representable in a particular number of bits. #$AbstractInformation does not include every abstract #$Intangible or 'Platonic' concept, only that information that represents something and is (at least potentially) stored or transmitted for that purpose; thus, the ideal regular icosahedron is not in itself an instance of #$AbstractInformation. Note also that although most instances of #$AbstractInformation are #$IntangibleIndividuals, some are #$SetOrCollections such as #$BiologicalTaxons and other #$ConventionalClassificationTypes.") ;;; #$AbstractProgrammingLanguage (#$isa #$AbstractProgrammingLanguage #$ObjectType) (#$genls #$AbstractProgrammingLanguage #$Language) (#$genls #$AbstractProgrammingLanguage #$MathematicalOrComputationalThing) (#$comment #$AbstractProgrammingLanguage "The collection of languages invented for use by computers. This includes both command languages and others which one doesn't really `program' in.") ;;; #$AbstractShape (#$isa #$AbstractShape #$ObjectType) (#$genls #$AbstractShape #$GeometricThing) (#$comment #$AbstractShape "A collection of objects; a subset of #$GeometricThing. #$AbstractShape is the collection of all abstract physical shapes. Each element of #$AbstractShape is an abstract region of physical space, having two or more dimensions. This includes all circles, spheres, triangles, wedges, spirals, cylinders, toruses, etc.") (#$overlappingExternalConcept #$AbstractShape #$SENSUS-Information1997 "SHAPE-QUALITY") ;;; #$AbstractShapeType (#$isa #$AbstractShapeType #$Collection) (#$genls #$AbstractShapeType #$ShapeType) (#$comment #$AbstractShapeType "A collection of collections. Each element of #$AbstractShapeType is a collection of things which are subsets of #$AbstractShape. The elements of #$AbstractShapeType comprise the basic physical shapes. Examples include: #$CylinderShape, #$PyramidShape, #$ConeShape, #$TubeShape, #$Rectangular3DShape, #$Polygon, #$Spiral, etc.") ;;; #$AcademicProfessional (#$isa #$AcademicProfessional #$OccupationType) (#$genls #$AcademicProfessional #$Professional) (#$comment #$AcademicProfessional "A collection of persons; a subset of #$Professional. Each element of #$AcademicProfessional is a person whose job is to educate and/or to perform research as an affiliate of an academic institution. This includes members of the teaching and/or research staff of schools, colleges, universities, and research institutes.") ;;; #$AcademicQuarter (#$isa #$AcademicQuarter #$TemporalObjectType) (#$genls #$AcademicQuarter #$TimeInterval) (#$comment #$AcademicQuarter "Each instance of this collection is a #$TimeInterval defined by some educational institution: one quarter of their #$AcademicYear. Since the start dates, end dates, and duration may all vary depending on the institution, the year, etc., instances of this collection must unfortunately be time intervals like StanfordSpringQuarter1991.") ;;; #$AcademicSemester (#$isa #$AcademicSemester #$TemporalObjectType) (#$genls #$AcademicSemester #$TimeInterval) (#$comment #$AcademicSemester "Each instance of this collection is a #$TimeInterval defined by some educational institution: one half of their #$AcademicYear. Since the start dates, end dates and duration may vary depending on the institution and year, instances will be time intervals such as ``StanfordSpringSemester1990-91''.") ;;; #$AcademicTrimester (#$isa #$AcademicTrimester #$TemporalObjectType) (#$genls #$AcademicTrimester #$TimeInterval) (#$comment #$AcademicTrimester "Each instance of this collection is a #$TimeInterval defined by some educational institution: one third of their #$AcademicYear. Since the start dates, end dates, and duration may all vary depending on the institution and year, instances of this collection must unfortunately be time intervals like UCLASpringTrimester1990-91.") ;;; #$AcademicYear (#$isa #$AcademicYear #$TemporalObjectType) (#$genls #$AcademicYear #$TimeInterval) (#$comment #$AcademicYear "Each instance of this collection is an annually recurring #$TimeInterval defined by an educational institution. Since the start dates, end dates, and duration may all vary depending on the institution, the year, etc., instances of this collection must unfortunately be time intervals like Stanford1989-90AcademicYear.") ;;; #$Acceleration (#$isa #$Acceleration #$DerivedNumericAttributeType) (#$genls #$Acceleration #$PhysicalAttribute) (#$genls #$Acceleration #$ScalarInterval) (#$comment #$Acceleration "Acceleration is the change in speed of an object per unit time. It is a measurable physical quantity, measured in units such as MilesPerHourPerSecond.") ;;; #$AccessingAnIBT (#$isa #$AccessingAnIBT #$DefaultDisjointScriptType) (#$isa #$AccessingAnIBT #$TemporalObjectType) (#$genls #$AccessingAnIBT #$InformationTransferEvent) (#$genls #$AccessingAnIBT #$TransferIn) (#$genls #$AccessingAnIBT #$PurposefulAction) (#$genls #$AccessingAnIBT #$MentalActivity) (#$comment #$AccessingAnIBT "A collection of information transfer events. Each element of #$AccessingAnIBT is an action by which an agent accesses the content of some IBT (i.e., an element of #$InformationBearingThing). Examples include (getting information from) reading a newspaper, watching a film, listening to a musical performance, decoding an encrypted message, seeing a traffic police officer wave you on, or hearing your roommate ask you to take out the trash. Of course, communication conventions play a role here. In the #$NaiveInformationMt, Cyc simply assumes that an agent who accesses an IBT understands its content afterwards. In the #$InformationGMt, Cyc makes the more complicated inference that an agent who accesses an IBT understands its content afterwards only if the agent is able to get the encoded information using a convention familiar to that agent. See also #$CommunicationConvention, #$hasCommConvention, #$usesCommConventionForInfo.") ;;; #$Account (#$isa #$Account #$AccountType) (#$genls #$Account #$AuthorizedAgreement) (#$genls #$Account #$LegalAgreement) (#$comment #$Account "A collection of objects; a subset of #$LegalAgreement. Each element of #$Account is a recorded obligation (of some particular type) between specified parties, consisting of `funds' which typically can be added to and drawn upon. Examples include the instances of #$RetirementAccount, #$TravelExpenseAccount, and of the many types of #$FinancialAccount. Note that the contents of an account need not be monetary; for example, the contents may be amounts of time, as in the subsets #$VacationAccount or a #$SickLeaveAccount. #$Account does NOT include debt obligations of fixed face value that cannot be increased or reduced (such as a bond).") ;;; #$AccountStatusAttribute (#$isa #$AccountStatusAttribute #$SiblingDisjointAttributeType) (#$genls #$AccountStatusAttribute #$AttributeValue) (#$comment #$AccountStatusAttribute "A collection of attributes. Each element of #$AccountStatusAttribute is an attribute that describes the obligational status of an #$Account; e.g.,#$PaidInFull, #$InComplianceWithPaymentSchedule, #$PaymentOverdue, #$AccountInactive.") ;;; #$AccountType (#$isa #$AccountType #$TemporalStuffType) (#$isa #$AccountType #$SiblingDisjointCollection) (#$genls #$AccountType #$ExistingObjectType) (#$comment #$AccountType "A collection of collections. Each element of #$AccountType is a collection of financial accounts of some type. Examples: #$SavingsAccount, #$CreditCardAccount, #$RetirementAccount, #$SocialSecurityAccount, #$TravelExpenseAccount. Typically, accounts are denominated in units of #$Money.") ;;; #$Acknowledging-CommunicationAct (#$isa #$Acknowledging-CommunicationAct #$TemporalObjectType) (#$isa #$Acknowledging-CommunicationAct #$DefaultDisjointScriptType) (#$genls #$Acknowledging-CommunicationAct #$CommunicationAct-Single) (#$comment #$Acknowledging-CommunicationAct "The collection of actions which are #$performedBy one #$Agent to convey information about the receipt of a prior #$CommunicationAct-Single which was #$performedBy another #$Agent. An example: Judy saying `No' in response to Jane's prior act of saying `Will you clean the toaster.'") ;;; #$AcquaintanceAttribute (#$isa #$AcquaintanceAttribute #$SocialAttributeType) (#$genls #$AcquaintanceAttribute #$AttributeValue) (#$comment #$AcquaintanceAttribute "The collection of attributes that specify ways in which (and/or degrees to which) one person is acquainted with another E.g., some instances of this collection are: #$FamousPersonAcquaintance, #$TrueFanAcquaintance, #$IntimateAcquaintance, #$FrequentContactAcquaintance, etc.") ;;; #$Action (#$isa #$Action #$TemporalObjectType) (#$isa #$Action #$ScriptType) (#$genls #$Action #$Event) (#$comment #$Action "A collection of events. Each instance of #$Action is an event in which something is done by some agent. (See #$doneBy.) Actions may include any event in which one or more actor(s) effect some change(s) in the tangible or intangible state of the world, typically by some expenditure of effort or energy. But note that it is not required that any tangible object be moved, changed, produced, or destroyed for an action to occur; the effects of actions may be intangible (such as the change in a bank balance, or the intimidation of a subordinate). Depending upon the context, actors may be animate or inanimate, conscious or nonconscious. For actions that are intentional, see also #$PurposefulAction, #$performedBy.") ;;; #$ActionOnObject (#$isa #$ActionOnObject #$ScriptType) (#$isa #$ActionOnObject #$TemporalObjectType) (#$genls #$ActionOnObject #$Action) (#$comment #$ActionOnObject "The collection of events in which some doer acts on an object. Each element of #$ActionOnObject is an action in which both the roles of #$doneBy and #$objectActedOn (qq.v.) are filled. Positive examples: someone typing on a keyboard; a tornado destroying a building. Negative examples: a person dancing; wind blowing.") ;;; #$ActorSlot (#$isa #$ActorSlot #$PredicateCategory) (#$genls #$ActorSlot #$ExtensionalRepresentationPredicate) (#$genls #$ActorSlot #$BinaryPredicate) (#$genls #$ActorSlot #$Role) (#$comment #$ActorSlot "A collection of binary predicates. Each element of #$ActorSlot relates some instance of #$Event to a thing involved in that event (here called a `participant'). The first argument of every #$ActorSlot is an instance of #$Event, and the second argument is an instance of #$SomethingExisting, denoting a participant in that event. Each specialized actor slot indicates HOW its participant participates in the event, i.e., in what role (e.g., #$inputs, #$outputs, #$doneBy). `Participant' does NOT include the time of the event's occurrence, external representations of the event, and other more remotely related things that are not directly or indirectly `involved' in the occurrence of the event.") ;;; #$Address-LocationDesignator (#$isa #$Address-LocationDesignator #$ObjectType) (#$genls #$Address-LocationDesignator #$CharacterString) (#$genls #$Address-LocationDesignator #$AttributeValue) (#$comment #$Address-LocationDesignator "A collection of strings. Each element of #$Address-LocationDesignator is a string that denotes an address. Each string indicates one entire address. For example: `President Bill Clinton, White House,, 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue, Washington, DC.") ;;; #$Adjective (#$isa #$Adjective #$LinguisticObjectType) (#$genls #$Adjective #$SpeechPart) (#$comment #$Adjective "The collecton of all adjectives. Adjectives are words which can modify nouns. Many adjectives have comparative and superlative forms. Example: `red'.") ;;; #$Administrator (#$isa #$Administrator #$OccupationType) (#$genls #$Administrator #$DeskWorker) (#$comment #$Administrator "A collection of persons; a subset of #$Professional. Each element of #$Administrator is an employee of an organization who is responsible for managing its organizational affairs. Elements of #$Administrator may or may not also be required to manage people. If so, then they are also #$Managers (q.v.).") ;;; #$Admiration (#$isa #$Admiration #$FeelingAttributeType) (#$genls #$Admiration #$Respect) (#$comment #$Admiration "A feeling of strong approval. An intense positive attitude towards another person(s) or group. May be accompanied by emulation. #$Admiration is different than #$Respect (qv). This is a collection --- see #$Happiness for an explanation. Some more specialized #$FeelingAttributeTypes than #$Admiration are #$Wonder-Admiration, #$Adulation, #$Awe, etc. ") ;;; #$AdultAnimal (#$isa #$AdultAnimal #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$AdultAnimal #$BiologicalStageOfDevelopment) (#$genls #$AdultAnimal #$Animal) (#$comment #$AdultAnimal "The collection of all adult animals (including adult people), meaning all elements of #$Animal that are mature enough to bear offspring, or older.") ;;; #$AdultFemalePerson (#$isa #$AdultFemalePerson #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$AdultFemalePerson #$FemalePerson) (#$genls #$AdultFemalePerson #$HumanAdult) (#$comment #$AdultFemalePerson "The collection of all women; i.e., #$Persons who are adult and female") ;;; #$Adverb (#$isa #$Adverb #$LinguisticObjectType) (#$genls #$Adverb #$SpeechPart) (#$comment #$Adverb "The collection of all adverbs. Adverbs are words which can modify adverbs, verbs, or adjectives. Many adverbs are morphologically derived from adjectives. Example: `slowly'.") ;;; #$Advertising (#$isa #$Advertising #$ScriptType) (#$isa #$Advertising #$TemporalObjectType) (#$genls #$Advertising #$CommunicationAct-Single) (#$comment #$Advertising "A collection of #$CommunicationAct-Singles. In an #$Advertising event, someone is communicating, to potential customers of an #$Agent, the desire of that agent to do business with those customers (either to `do business' in general or to sell them something specific.") ;;; #$Affection (#$isa #$Affection #$FeelingAttributeType) (#$genls #$Affection #$FeelingAttribute) (#$comment #$Affection "A feeling of fondness for someone or something. Sympathy, liking, warmth, tenderness. This is a #$Collection --- for an explanation of that, see #$Happiness. Some more specialized #$FeelingAttributeTypes than #$Affection are #$Love, #$Passion, etc.") ;;; #$Afternoon (#$isa #$Afternoon #$TemporalObjectType) (#$genls #$Afternoon #$QualitativeTimeOfDay) (#$comment #$Afternoon "An #$Afternoon is the daily #$Event where the #$Sun moves from its `highest' position in the daily cycle and `sets', i.e from noon till #$Sunset. A #$Midday overlaps the start of an #$Afternoon, and an #$Evening is #$contiguousAfter an #$Afternoon. Each #$Afternoon is #$temporallyFinishedBy a #$Sunset.") ;;; #$Agent (#$isa #$Agent #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$Agent #$CompositeTangibleAndIntangibleObject) (#$comment #$Agent "An agent is something which can show independent action, whether conscious or not. #$Agent represents the collection of all agents. Most animals are considered agents, in most contexts; so are most organizations. Most plants are not agents, in most contexts. Inanimate devices are sometimes considered agents, in certain contexts. This is one of those concepts which is important yet very hard to define precisely. Here is some elaboration, to help convey the intended meaning of the basic criterion for agenthood: It must seem that a kind of decision-making is going on, even if it's down at the `mindless' level of the reflex reaction of a spider leg to heat, or the reflex reaction of a Human Resources Department rejecting an applicant with no formal degree. It generally `sounds right' or `feels natural' to assign causality to agents, rather than some larger or smaller entity. E.g., it is more natural to say `Fred wrote an essay' than to say `Fred's left hand wrote an essay' or, at the other extreme, to say `The Solar System wrote an essay'. Similarly, we might very well talk about `Microsoft' buying IBM, but it would be unnatural and even incorrect to talk about a much larger entity (`corporate America') or smaller entity (`the Microsoft lawyers') as the performer of that buying action.") ;;; #$AgentiveNoun (#$isa #$AgentiveNoun #$LinguisticObjectType) (#$genls #$AgentiveNoun #$SpeechPart) (#$comment #$AgentiveNoun "The collection of all nouns in the agentive form. Agentive nouns usually denote the `doer' or `performer' of some action, and often end in `-er' or `-or'. Example: `runner'.") ;;; #$Agility (#$isa #$Agility #$ScriptPerformanceAttributeType) (#$genls #$Agility #$ScriptPerformanceAttribute) (#$comment #$Agility "#$Agility is the #$ScriptPerformanceAttributeType for describing actions in which the performer's whole body moves precisely and in a well-coordinated fashion.") ;;; #$Agreement (#$isa #$Agreement #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$Agreement #$SupposedToBeMicrotheory) (#$genls #$Agreement #$IntangibleExistingThing) (#$comment #$Agreement "A collection of `objects' with temporal extent. Each element of #$Agreement involves two or more parties, who agree that certain propositions should be true. Making the propositions true may require some action or commitment of wealth on the part of one or more of the #$agreeingAgents. Thus, elements of #$Agreement will usually involve some instances of #$Obligation. Note: Elements of #$Agreement and #$Obligation differ, however, in that an #$obligatedAgent is responsible for the truth of all of the propositions in an obligation. In an agreement, some agents may not be responsible for all of the propositions in the agreement being true. For example, in a loan agreement, the borrower agrees to give the lender back the money, but the borrower is the only #$obligatedAgent for the repayment. Note that #$obligatedAgents need not be among the #$agreeingAgents in the agreement that involves or generates the obligation. For example, the Board of Directors of XYZCorporation may agree that some non-director will assume the post and duties of President of XYZCorporation. Moreover, #$agreeingAgents aren't always obligatedAgents; e.g., Wanda and Paul may agree that Paul alone is obligated to do some task. Examples include instances of #$PeaceAccord, #$LegalAgreement, #$InformalAgreement, #$BusinessPartnershipAgreement, #$WorkAgreement, #$SalesAgreement, #$MaintenanceAgreement, #$Reservation, #$Appointment, etc.") ;;; #$AgreementNote (#$isa #$AgreementNote #$SharedNote) (#$comment #$AgreementNote "Elements of #$Agreement (and of its subsets) are #$Microtheory instances containing propositions representing what some number of parties have agreed upon. An #$Agreement may contain a set of #$Obligations on the part of one or more of the parties. An #$Agreement may also be just a set of beliefs that the parties have decided to share. To indicate which propositions are true in an #$Agreement, regardless of whether they are true in reality, use #$ist-Agreement. (#$ist-Agreement AGREEMENT PROP) means that PROP is a #$CycFormula expressing something that was agreed upon in AGREEMENT. Other relevant vocabulary: (#$agreeingAgents AGREEMENT AGENT) means that AGENT is one of the parties agreeing to AGREEMENT. (#$subAgreements AGREEMENT1 AGREEMENT2) means that AGREEMENT2 is a part of (is included in) AGREEMENT1. (#$governedByAgreement ACTION AGREEMENT) means that ACTION is governed by the terms of AGREEMENT. (#$agreementForbids AGREEMENT AGENT ACTION-TYPE) means that AGREEMENT forbids AGENT from performing elements of ACTION-TYPE. (#$agreementPeriod AGREEMENT TIME) means that AGREEMENT is considered to be true during the time period TIME.") ;;; #$AilmentCondition (#$isa #$AilmentCondition #$PhysiologicalConditionType) (#$genls #$AilmentCondition #$PhysiologicalCondition) (#$comment #$AilmentCondition "The most general collection of ailment events; a subset of #$PhysiologicalCondition, and a subset of #$Event. An instance of #$AilmentCondition is a dynamic state of sickness, injury, or physiological impairment. Having an ailment is an event: it has temporal aspects, it progresses dynamically, etc., it is not just `being in some static state of un-wellness.' Some subsets of #$AilmentCondition are: #$RespiratoryAilment, #$HeartCondition, #$Cancer, #$MotionSickness, #$Poisoning, #$Infection, #$InjuryCondition. If a particular person suffers from asthma, that is an element of #$AilmentCondition. Each #$AilmentCondition is a state of actual, developed sickness or impairment, rather than the event of getting sick or becoming impaired. Also note that each type of ailment, such as #$Asthma, is the set of all `cases' or `instances' of individuals suffering from that condition.") ;;; #$Air (#$isa #$Air #$TangibleStuffStateType) (#$genls #$Air #$Mixture) (#$genls #$Air #$GaseousTangibleThing) (#$comment #$Air "A collection of tangibles; a subset of #$GaseousTangibleThing. Each element of #$Air is one `piece' among all the portions of the atmosphere of the Earth, considered as a substance present in various places, in various quantities, under various pressures, etc. Examples: the #$AirInAustin; the stuffy air in my office; the thin air atop Annapurna. See also #$TheAtmosphereQuaSinglePieceOfStuff, which is all ambient #$Air on the planet taken as a single object.") ;;; #$AirForce (#$isa #$AirForce #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$AirForce #$MilitaryOrganization) (#$comment #$AirForce "A collection of military organizations. An element of #$AirForce is a military organization, modern or historical, composed mainly of airborne forces: bombers, fighters, torpedo planes, parachute troops, surveillance aircraft, etc., and having the function of defending or attacking air space, ships, or ground targets.") ;;; #$AirForcePersonnel (#$isa #$AirForcePersonnel #$OccupationType) (#$genls #$AirForcePersonnel #$MilitaryPerson) (#$comment #$AirForcePersonnel "A collection of people, a subset of #$MilitaryPerson. Each element of this collection is somebody who works for an #$AirForce.") ;;; #$AirRespiration (#$isa #$AirRespiration #$TemporalStuffType) (#$isa #$AirRespiration #$DefaultDisjointScriptType) (#$genls #$AirRespiration #$Respiration) (#$comment #$AirRespiration "A collection of activities constituting a natural #$PhysiologicalFunction; #$AirRespiration is the collection of all #$Respiration events in which an organism trades some of the carbon dioxide in its tissues for oxygen from the atmosphere.") ;;; #$AirTransportationDevice (#$isa #$AirTransportationDevice #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$AirTransportationDevice #$TransportationDevice) (#$comment #$AirTransportationDevice "A collection of physical devices. An instance of #$AirTransportationDevice is a device used for transportation through the air. For example, the Goodyear Blimp, Air Force One, and the #$SpaceShuttleAtlantis. Subsets of #$AirTransportationDevice include the collections #$Airplane, #$Helicopter, #$HotAirBalloon, #$GroundToOrbitVehicle (such as Atlas rockets or the Space Shuttles), and so on.") ;;; #$AirlineCompany (#$isa #$AirlineCompany #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$AirlineCompany #$Business) (#$genls #$AirlineCompany #$TransportationCompany) (#$comment #$AirlineCompany "The collection of all air transportation companies. An element of #$AirlineCompany is a #$TransportationCompany that operates airplanes to transport goods or people in exchange for money.") ;;; #$Airplane (#$isa #$Airplane #$ProductType) (#$isa #$Airplane #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$Airplane #$TransportationDevice-Vehicle) (#$genls #$Airplane #$ContainerProduct) (#$genls #$Airplane #$AirTransportationDevice) (#$comment #$Airplane "The colection of all fixed-wing (except #$Warplanes), heavier-than-air, self-powered flying machines (excluding cruise missiles).") ;;; #$AirplaneRunway (#$isa #$AirplaneRunway #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$AirplaneRunway #$PathForWheeledVehicles) (#$comment #$AirplaneRunway "An airstrip, at an airport, on an aircraft carrier, or in some field, upon which airplanes taxi, take off, and land.") ;;; #$Airport-Physical (#$isa #$Airport-Physical #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$Airport-Physical #$ConstructionArtifact) (#$comment #$Airport-Physical "The collection of all airfields, where airplanes take off and land. An Airport-Physical definitely has a runway, may or may not have any other buildings. If it's the grounds of an #$AirportOrganization, some of those other features will be present.") ;;; #$AirportOrganization (#$isa #$AirportOrganization #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$AirportOrganization #$Organization) (#$comment #$AirportOrganization "A collection of organizations. An element of #$AirportOrganization is an organization that manages and controls particular airports and their appurtenant facilities; e.g., #$LaGuardiaAirport.") ;;; #$Alertness (#$isa #$Alertness #$PrimitiveAttributeType) (#$genls #$Alertness #$ScalarInterval) (#$genls #$Alertness #$AnimalPhysiologicalAttribute) (#$comment #$Alertness "#$Alertness is an #$AnimalPhysiologicalAttribute which specifies how sleepy or alert an animal is. Levels of #$Alertness include #$Asleep, #$Sleepy, and #$Awake.") ;;; #$AllergicReaction (#$isa #$AllergicReaction #$PhysiologicalConditionType) (#$genls #$AllergicReaction #$AilmentCondition) (#$comment #$AllergicReaction "A collection of dynamic, physiological states. An instance of #$AllergicReaction is an event in which an organism which is exposed to a particular substance (e.g., pollen, mold) develops some abnormality or impairment of its physiological condition as a result of interacting with the substance. Allergic reactions to some types of substances occur widely in members of a species; e.g., #$PoisonIvyPoisoning in humans. But other allergic reactions affect only a small proportion of a species, such as human allergies to penicillin. This concept is the set of events in which allergic reactions are `taking place', not abstract unrealized potential situations such as `John is allergic to milk.' I.e., if John were allergic to milk, and he drank some, and then proceeded to have a whopping bad allergic reaction, that latter event would be an element of #$AllergicReaction.") ;;; #$Always-TimeInterval (#$isa #$Always-TimeInterval #$TimeInterval) (#$comment #$Always-TimeInterval "The interval of time which encompasses all time. In more general MTs we remain agnostic as to whether this time interval has either a beginning or an end, but if it does, #$Always-TimeInterval begins when time itself begins and ends only when time ends completely. Every other instance of #$TimeInterval is a #$timeSlices of #$Always-TimeInterval. ") ;;; #$Ambulance (#$isa #$Ambulance #$ProductType) (#$isa #$Ambulance #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$Ambulance #$RoadVehicle) (#$comment #$Ambulance "The collection of all RoadVehicles that are equipped primarily for transporting wounded, injured or sick persons.") ;;; #$Ampere (#$isa #$Ampere #$StandardUnitOfMeasure) (#$isa #$Ampere #$MKSUnitOfMeasure) (#$isa #$Ampere #$UnitOfCurrent) (#$isa #$Ampere #$UnitOfMeasureNoPrefix) (#$resultIsa #$Ampere #$PhysicalAttribute) (#$resultIsa #$Ampere #$ScalarInterval) (#$argsIsa #$Ampere #$CycSystemRealNumber) (#$comment #$Ampere "The standard unit of measure of electrical current, equivalent to a 1-#$Coulomb flow of current, or 1 #$Volt across a resistance of 1 #$Ohm.") ;;; #$Amphibian (#$isa #$Amphibian #$BiologicalClass) (#$genls #$Amphibian #$Vertebrate) (#$genls #$Amphibian #$NonPersonAnimal) (#$comment #$Amphibian "The collection of all #$Organism-Wholes which are members of the #$BiologicalClass Amphibia, being a specialization of #$Vertebrate. Members of this class are smooth skinned #$Vertebrates which hatch from eggs to form aquatic larvae [see #$Larva]. These larvae metamorphose into an air-breathing adult [see AirBreathingVertebrate] (normally) having #$Lungs. Subsets of this collection include #$Frogs and #$Salamanders.") ;;; #$Anesthesia (#$isa #$Anesthesia #$ScriptType) (#$genls #$Anesthesia #$DrugTherapy) (#$comment #$Anesthesia "A collection of events; a subset of #$DrugTherapy (q.v.). In an instance of #$Anesthesia, a #$BiologicalLivingObject undergoes the effect of some instance of #$Anesthetic, the effect of which is to eliminate the perception of pain. #$Anesthesia events occur in connection with other medical care events, so that a patient will not feel the pain or discomfort that would otherwise be associated with those medical procedures. #$Anesthetics are of various chemical kinds, work in various ways, and can be administered in various ways. They may topically numb an area, they may poison the central nervous system to the point where the animal loses consciousness, etc. The resulting anesthetic therapies thus may differ, according to the type of anesthetic used; for example, the patient may or may not be conscious during an instance of #$Anesthesia. See also #$AdministeringADrug.") ;;; #$Anger (#$isa #$Anger #$FeelingAttributeType) (#$genls #$Anger #$Frustration) (#$comment #$Anger "Intense feeling of displeasure and usually of antagonism. This is a #$Collection --- for an explanation of that, see #$Happiness. Some more specialized #$FeelingAttributeTypes than #$Anger include #$Belligerence, etc.") ;;; #$Angle (#$isa #$Angle #$ObjectType) (#$genls #$Angle #$GeometricThing) (#$comment #$Angle "A collection of #$GeometricThings. Each element of #$Angle is a pair of line segments, planes (or, more generally, n-dimensional hyperplanes) that share an endpoint, edge (or, more generally, an [n-1]-dimensional hyperedge).") ;;; #$Angstrom (#$isa #$Angstrom #$UnitOfDistance) (#$isa #$Angstrom #$MKSUnitOfMeasure) (#$isa #$Angstrom #$UnitOfMeasureWithPrefix) (#$resultIsa #$Angstrom #$Distance) (#$resultIsa #$Angstrom #$ScalarInterval) (#$argsIsa #$Angstrom #$CycSystemRealNumber) (#$comment #$Angstrom "Extremely small unit of length, used especially for measuring the wavelength of light, derived by dividing a meter by 10,000,000,000. Abbreviation: A (with a little circle on the top of the `A'). 1 A = 1/10,000,000,000 (i.e., 10^-10) meter.") ;;; #$AngularAccelerationRate (#$isa #$AngularAccelerationRate #$MeasurableAttributeType) (#$genls #$AngularAccelerationRate #$ScalarInterval) (#$genls #$AngularAccelerationRate #$PhysicalAttribute) (#$comment #$AngularAccelerationRate "#$AngularAccelerationRate is the rate at which the #$RateOfRotation of an object changes.It is a measurable physical quantity, measured in units such as radians per second per second.") ;;; #$Animal (#$isa #$Animal #$BiologicalKingdom) (#$genls #$Animal #$PerceptualAgent) (#$genls #$Animal #$AnimalBLO) (#$genls #$Animal #$SolidTangibleThing) (#$genls #$Animal #$Organism-Whole) (#$comment #$Animal "The collection of all animals; this large class of organisms is one instance of #$BiologicalKingdom. Animals are typically motile, living, whole organisms; they are elements of #$Heterotroph, incapable of performing instances of #$Photosynthesis. Animal cells contain cholesterol and lack cell walls made of cellulose. #$Person is a subset of #$Animal; see also #$NonPersonAnimal.") (#$synonymousExternalConcept #$Animal #$SENSUS-Information1997 "ANIMAL") ;;; #$AnimalActivity (#$isa #$AnimalActivity #$ScriptType) (#$isa #$AnimalActivity #$TemporalObjectType) (#$genls #$AnimalActivity #$Action) (#$genls #$AnimalActivity #$CompositePhysicalAndMentalEvent) (#$comment #$AnimalActivity "A collection of events. Each element of #$AnimalActivity is an action whose performer(s) (see #$doneBy) belong to the collection #$Animal.") ;;; #$AnimalBLO (#$isa #$AnimalBLO #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$AnimalBLO #$BiologicalLivingObject) (#$comment #$AnimalBLO "The subset of #$BiologicalLivingObject which includes all the elements of #$Animal and of #$AnimalBodyPart and #$AnimalBodyRegion.") ;;; #$AnimalBodyPart (#$isa #$AnimalBodyPart #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$AnimalBodyPart #$AnimalBodyRegion) (#$comment #$AnimalBodyPart "The collection of all the anatomical parts and physical regions of all living animals; a subset of #$OrganismPart. Each element of #$AnimalBodyPart is a piece of some live animal and thus is itself an instance of #$BiologicalLivingObject. #$AnimalBodyPart includes both highly localized organs (e.g., hearts) and physical systems composed of parts distributed throughout an animal's body (such as its circulatory system and nervous system). Note: Severed limbs and other parts of dead animals are NOT included in this collection; see #$DeadFn.") ;;; #$AnimalBodyPartType (#$isa #$AnimalBodyPartType #$SiblingDisjointCollection) (#$genls #$AnimalBodyPartType #$ExistingObjectType) (#$comment #$AnimalBodyPartType "The collection of all the types of #$AnimalBodyParts. An #$AnimalBodyPartType is a characterization of body parts by structure and/or function. Some elements of this collection include #$SpinalColumn, #$Eyelash, #$NervousSystem, #$Urethra, #$Wing-AnimalBodyPart, #$HeelOfPalm, etc. As can be seen from those examples, #$AnimalBodyPartType is not organized along species/order/class/phylum/... taxonomic lines.") ;;; #$AnimalBodyRegion (#$isa #$AnimalBodyRegion #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$AnimalBodyRegion #$OrganismPart) (#$genls #$AnimalBodyRegion #$AnimalBLO) (#$comment #$AnimalBodyRegion "The set of parts of an animal's body that one might point to, operate on, photograph, transplant, etc. So this is a collection of (conceptual) spatial subdivisions of the bodies of #$Animals, generally contiguous and having some more or less clear boundary. Some elements of this collections are Einstein's head, #$SantasBeard, and Babe Ruth's right arm. Other elements of this set are what might be considered unhealthy body regions, such as a blister, a puncture wound, a bruise, etc. -- but those are still clearly a part of an animal's body, can be pointed to, photographed, bandaged up, etc. Note that this concept is quite different from an animal body `system' (such as the lymph system, the nervous system, etc.) which comprises a small portion of an animal's total mass but is distributed throughout the animal's body -- see #$AnimalBodyPart. (At the naive, commonsense level of physiology, and for almost all purposes, it is perfectly acceptable to conceptualize Santa's beard as one #$AnimalBodyRegion, and the same for Farrah Fawcett's hair, etc. A borderline case of this is: Cher's fingernails. In some contexts, one would treat those as an #$AnimalBodyRegion, and in other contexts one would treat them as ten separate #$AnimalBodyRegions.)") ;;; #$AnimalMigration (#$isa #$AnimalMigration #$ScriptType) (#$isa #$AnimalMigration #$TemporalObjectType) (#$genls #$AnimalMigration #$LocomotionEvent) (#$genls #$AnimalMigration #$Translation-RoundTrip) (#$comment #$AnimalMigration "The collection of regular, species-linked movements of an animal or group of animals from one place to another, usually with a return to the starting point after a certain period of time. In some species, the migration cycle occurs once in a lifetime, while others migrate annually on a seasonal basis. Migration is typically linked with an animal's reproductive cycle (as in salmon), but may also involve seasonal relocation to a more hospitable climate and/or more plentiful food supply. For example, many birds exhibit seasonal migration; e.g., native Northeastern U.S. birds that spend their winters in the Southern U.S.") ;;; #$AnimalPhysiologicalAttribute (#$isa #$AnimalPhysiologicalAttribute #$AttributeType) (#$genls #$AnimalPhysiologicalAttribute #$AttributeValue) (#$genls #$AnimalPhysiologicalAttribute #$PhysiologicalAttribute) (#$comment #$AnimalPhysiologicalAttribute "The broadest collection of attributes of #$Animals that describe the physiological aspects of an animal, including its physiological (1) capacities, (2) conditions, and (3) states. Examples include: (1) Capacities: #$Fertile, #$HearingImpaired, #$Paraplegic; (2) Conditions: #$Anemic, #$AthleticPhysicalBuild; (3) States: #$Intoxicated, #$Injured, #$Inflamed. #$PlantPhysiologicalAttributes, such as #$InBloom, are excluded.") ;;; #$AnimalSound (#$isa #$AnimalSound #$TemporalStuffType) (#$genls #$AnimalSound #$AudibleSound) (#$genls #$AnimalSound #$InformationBearingWavePropagation) (#$comment #$AnimalSound "A collection of information bearing things (IBTs); a subset of #$InformationBearingWavePropagation. Each element of #$AnimalSound is a sound of a type which originally was, and typically is, made by an animal using just its body parts (though such a sound may subsequently have been reproduced by imitation or recording). For example, instances of #$Birdsong, #$NeighingSound, #$PurringSound, #$BarkingSound, #$BrayingSound. Note that the restriction to sounds produced by body parts alone excludes noises produced by moving external objects; i.e., #$AnimalSound does NOT include rustling the leaves underfoot, splashing water, or playing a musical instrument.") ;;; #$AnimalWalkingProcess (#$isa #$AnimalWalkingProcess #$ObjectType) (#$isa #$AnimalWalkingProcess #$TemporalStuffType) (#$isa #$AnimalWalkingProcess #$DefaultDisjointScriptType) (#$genls #$AnimalWalkingProcess #$LocomotionProcess) (#$genls #$AnimalWalkingProcess #$SimpleWholeBodyMovement) (#$comment #$AnimalWalkingProcess "The collection of individual #$LocomotionProcess es in which an #$Animal agent travels on foot using voluntary movements of its legs.") ;;; #$AnnualClimateCycle (#$isa #$AnnualClimateCycle #$ScriptType) (#$genls #$AnnualClimateCycle #$WeatherEvent) (#$comment #$AnnualClimateCycle "A collection of events. Each element of #$AnnualClimateCycle is an extended event, one year in length, which encompasses #$subEvents describing the changing of the seasons. Subsets include #$TemperateClimateCycle, #$HumidSubtropicalClimateCycle, etc. See also the comments on #$ClimateCycleType, #$hasClimateType.") ;;; #$AnnualEventType (#$isa #$AnnualEventType #$Collection) (#$genls #$AnnualEventType #$TemporalObjectType) (#$comment #$AnnualEventType "A collection of collections. The instances of an element of #$AnnualEventType are synchronized with the calendar. If ?X is an #$AnnualEventType, then one occurs each year. For example, #$ChristmasHoliday is an #$AnnualEventType, because one occurs each year, synchronized with the calendar.") ;;; #$AnteriorRegionFn (#$isa #$AnteriorRegionFn #$ReifiableFunction) (#$isa #$AnteriorRegionFn #$IndividualDenotingFunction) (#$resultIsa #$AnteriorRegionFn #$AnimalBodyRegion) (#$arg1Isa #$AnteriorRegionFn #$AnimalBodyRegion) (#$comment #$AnteriorRegionFn "The function (AnteriorRegionFn REGOROBJ), applied to a region or object REGOROBJ, means the region consisting of the front half or section, or the anterior main portion, of REGOROBJ. It applies only when REGOROBJ itself has an intrinsic front/back orientation, or is a (non-backward-facing) part of a larger region or object that has a front/back orientation.") ;;; #$AntiSymmetricBinaryPredicate (#$isa #$AntiSymmetricBinaryPredicate #$PredicateCategory) (#$isa #$AntiSymmetricBinaryPredicate #$Collection) (#$genls #$AntiSymmetricBinaryPredicate #$BinaryPredicate) (#$comment #$AntiSymmetricBinaryPredicate "A collection of predicates; the subset of #$BinaryPredicate whose elements represent antisymmetric relations. A predicate F is an element of #$AntiSymmetricBinaryPredicate if and only if F is a binary predicate and, if both (F X Y) and (F Y X) hold, then X=Y, for every X,Y within the domain and range of F. For example, #$greaterThanOrEqualTo, #$compatibleBloodTypes. Note this additional restriction: A Cyc predicate F can be an element of #$AntiSymmetricBinaryPredicate only if the type (i.e., arg-Isa) constraint applicable to F's first argument is not disjoint with the type constraint applicable to F's second argument. See also #$NoteOnArgumentTypingAndPropertiesOfRelations.") ;;; #$AntiTransitiveBinaryPredicate (#$isa #$AntiTransitiveBinaryPredicate #$PredicateCategory) (#$genls #$AntiTransitiveBinaryPredicate #$BinaryPredicate) (#$genls #$AntiTransitiveBinaryPredicate #$IrreflexiveBinaryPredicate) (#$comment #$AntiTransitiveBinaryPredicate "A collection of predicates; the subset of #$BinaryPredicate whose elements represent anti-transitive relations. A predicate F is an element of #$AntiTransitiveBinaryPredicate if and only if F is a binary predicate and, for every X,Y,Z in the domain of F, (#$not (#$and (F X Y)(F Y Z)(F X Z))). Note this additional restriction: A Cyc predicate F can be an element of #$AntiTransitiveBinaryPredicate only if the type (i.e., arg-Isa) constraint applicable to F's first argument is not disjoint with the type constraint applicable to F's second argument. See also #$NoteOnArgumentTypingAndPropertiesOfRelations.") ;;; #$Anticipation-Feeling (#$isa #$Anticipation-Feeling #$FeelingAttributeType) (#$genls #$Anticipation-Feeling #$FeelingAttribute) (#$comment #$Anticipation-Feeling "Emotion accompanying an expectation of something pleasant in the foreseeable future. This is a collection; for an explanation of a typical #$FeelingAttributeType, see #$Happiness. ") ;;; #$Apathy (#$isa #$Apathy #$FeelingAttributeType) (#$genls #$Apathy #$FeelingAttribute) (#$comment #$Apathy "A lack of interest or concern. If someone is feeling some measure of #$Apathy, then they typically will have little or no response to things normally expected to excite emotion or interest. This is a #$Collection --- for an explanation of that, see #$Happiness. A related #$FeelingAttributeType is #$Boredom.") ;;; #$Appendage-AnimalBodyPart (#$isa #$Appendage-AnimalBodyPart #$AnimalBodyPartType) (#$genls #$Appendage-AnimalBodyPart #$SolidTangibleThing) (#$genls #$Appendage-AnimalBodyPart #$AnimalBodyPart) (#$comment #$Appendage-AnimalBodyPart "The collection of all appendages of #$Animals. An appendage is an #$AnimalBodyPart that is connected to, and extends from, the animal's #$Torso (or else from another of its appendages, such as a hand extending from an arm). Each appendage is used by the #$Animal for one or more functions; altogether, appendages serve a wide variety of functions such as locomotion, manipulation, sensing, fighting, scratching, heat dissipation, balance, etc.") ;;; #$AppropriatingSomething (#$isa #$AppropriatingSomething #$TemporalObjectType) (#$isa #$AppropriatingSomething #$DefaultDisjointScriptType) (#$genls #$AppropriatingSomething #$GainingUserRights) (#$genls #$AppropriatingSomething #$TakingSomething) (#$comment #$AppropriatingSomething "A collection of events; a subset of #$TakingSomething and of #$GainingUserRights. In an instance of #$AppropriatingSomething, an #$Agent takes something that no one else has user rights over, such as air for breathing, or some object which at that time belongs to no one (e.g.,a dime lying in the street). Note: The English verb `appropriate' can also mean to take something away from someone else, against their will and wrongfully, but that is not what is meant here. For that, see #$Stealing-Generic.") ;;; #$Approval (#$isa #$Approval #$FeelingAttributeType) (#$genls #$Approval #$Satisfaction) (#$comment #$Approval "The emotion of viewing positively a state of affairs or other agent's actions. This is a collection; for an explanation of a typical #$FeelingAttributeType, see #$Happiness.") ;;; #$April (#$isa #$April #$MonthOfYearType) (#$genls #$April #$CalendarMonth) ;;; #$AquaticOrganism (#$isa #$AquaticOrganism #$OrganismTypeByHabitat) (#$genls #$AquaticOrganism #$Organism-Whole) (#$comment #$AquaticOrganism "The collection of organisms adapted to life underwater, which spend all or most of their time immersed in water. This includes the elements of #$Fish, also many instances of #$Mollusk, #$SeaMammal, etc.") ;;; #$Area (#$isa #$Area #$DerivedNumericAttributeType) (#$genls #$Area #$PhysicalAttribute) (#$genls #$Area #$ScalarInterval) (#$comment #$Area "A collection of physical attributes. Each element of #$Area is an amount of two-dimensional space, i.e., a surface. Elements of #$Area may be either a fixed interval, such as the area of a rectangle 5 cm x 10 cm, or a range, such as the area of a city lot. See #$UnitOfArea for the units used by Cyc to measure areas.") ;;; #$Arm (#$isa #$Arm #$SymmetricAnatomicalPartType) (#$genls #$Arm #$Appendage-AnimalBodyPart) (#$comment #$Arm "The collection of all animal arms. An #$Arm of an animal is one of its #$AnimalBodyParts, more particularly one of its appendages, a limb which it uses for manipulation moreso than for locomotion. A #$Hand is considered part of an #$Arm.") ;;; #$ArmMovement (#$isa #$ArmMovement #$TemporalStuffType) (#$isa #$ArmMovement #$DefaultDisjointScriptType) (#$genls #$ArmMovement #$BodyMovementEvent) (#$comment #$ArmMovement "The collection of any movements of an arm that are generated by the #$Animal whose arm it is, through nerve impulses to the arm. Physically, an #$ArmMovement involves movement of the upper arm or elbow in relation to the body to which it is attached.") ;;; #$Army (#$isa #$Army #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$Army #$MilitaryOrganization) (#$comment #$Army "A collection of military organizations. An element of #$Army is a military organization, modern or historical, composed mainly of ground forces, which may include infantry, cavalry, artillery, tank and miscellaneous mechanized units, and special forces. Its personnel may also include support workers such as engineers and medical staff.") ;;; #$ArmyPersonnel (#$isa #$ArmyPersonnel #$OccupationType) (#$genls #$ArmyPersonnel #$Soldier) (#$genls #$ArmyPersonnel #$MilitaryPerson) (#$comment #$ArmyPersonnel "A collection of people, a subset of #$MilitaryPerson. Each element of this collection is somebody who works for an #$Army.") ;;; #$ArrestingSomeone (#$isa #$ArrestingSomeone #$ScriptType) (#$isa #$ArrestingSomeone #$TemporalObjectType) (#$genls #$ArrestingSomeone #$TakingCustodyOfAnimal) (#$comment #$ArrestingSomeone "A collection of events. In an instance of #$ArrestingSomeone, a law enforcement officer arrests another person, who is thereupon taken into custody (#$InCustody).") ;;; #$ArtObject (#$isa #$ArtObject #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$ArtObject #$Product) (#$genls #$ArtObject #$Artifact) (#$genls #$ArtObject #$CompositeTangibleAndIntangibleObject) (#$genls #$ArtObject #$InformationBearingObject) (#$comment #$ArtObject "A collection of information bearing objects (IBOs). Each element of #$ArtObject is a tangible object that is a work, or a reproduction of a work, in one of the representational or plastic arts, such as a painting, sculpture, ceramic piece, quilt, stained glass composition, etc. #$ArtObject does NOT include plays, movies, music, performance art, or other activities. #$ArtObject is a subset of #$InformationBearingObject, but its elements need not have propositional content, although they may. Examples of #$ArtObject: the #$StatueOfLiberty, the Mona Lisa, a poster reproduction of Van Gogh's `Starry Night', Rodin's `Burghers of Calais', a piece of Ju ware from the Sung Dynasty, the windows of Chartres Cathedral, a series of prints by Picasso.") ;;; #$Arthropod (#$isa #$Arthropod #$BiologicalPhylum) (#$genls #$Arthropod #$Invertebrate) (#$comment #$Arthropod "An instance of #$BiologicalPhylum whose #$taxonMembers include (mostly) the numerous collections of chitin-armored invertebrates that have jointed bodies and limbs, e.g., insects, spiders, crustaceans, etc.") ;;; #$Artifact (#$isa #$Artifact #$Collection) (#$genls #$Artifact #$SomethingExisting) (#$genls #$Artifact #$PartiallyTangible) (#$comment #$Artifact "A collection of tangible things. An instance of #$Artifact is a tangible which was more or less intentionally created by an #$Agent (or a group of #$Agents working together) to serve some purpose or perform some function. By `created', we don't require that the matter itself be created, it is often just the result of some sort of assemblage or modification process, such as a wooden flute that's been whittled from a tree branch, a sawhorse that's been put together out of boards and nails, a coin that's been minted by embossing or by melting liquid silver into a mold, etc. Let's consider some positive and negative examples. In addition to the obvious human artifacts (buildings, tools, textiles, power lines), this collection includes certain sorts of things made by #$Animals, such as bird nests, termite mounds, and beaver dams. Something which just barely squeaks through the intended meaning of this concept is #$YaleUniversity. In addition to the abstract legal entity, it consists of a set of physical buildings, furnishings, etc. By contrast, an organization that had no headquarters building, equipment, tangible property, etc. would not be an artifact. Similarly, a fictional character such as Tom Sawyer is not an artifact (in the context of the story, Tom is not an artifact because he is a real boy; in the context of the real world, Tom is not an artifact because he has no tangible component whatsoever.) While some artifacts may be alive, or contain living subparts, we do not intend this collection to encompass all organisms which resulted from normal biological reproductive processes. Your child is not an artifact. If you do an oil painting of a house that is an artifact, but much more borderline is what you get if you take a rock and just paint it a solid color, say white. In general that won't be an artifact unless it serves some purpose, such as marking the shoulder of a roadway, but more questionable cases are if the purpose of the white rock is just `to be sold as art' or `to look pretty.' The white rock might thus be an artifact in certain contexts, but not in others. Not every instance of #$Path-Generic (q.v.) is necessarily an instance of #$Artifact. For example, some channels used for navigation may not be artifacts, because even though they are marked with human artifacts (i.e., channel markers) as locations where ships may safely travel, the channel itself may have been a naturally occurring pre-existing thing -- e.g., the #$EnglishChannel. If a #$Channel-WideStrait were produced or maintained only by constant dredging, it might count as an artifact. By contrast, each #$Canal, such as #$SuezCanal, is almost certain to be an #$Artifact.") (#$synonymousExternalConcept #$Artifact #$SENSUS-Information1997 "ARTIFACT") ;;; #$ArtificialMaterial (#$isa #$ArtificialMaterial #$ExistingStuffType) (#$genls #$ArtificialMaterial #$Artifact) (#$comment #$ArtificialMaterial "A collection of substances; a subset of #$Artifact. An instance of #$ArtificialMaterial is a portion of artificial stuff that was intentionally made by some agent(s), such as #$Plastic or #$SweetNLow. Since #$ArtificialMaterials are intentionally produced, this class does not normally include materials which are merely #$byProducts or #$wasteProducts of an intentional process. However, what is a byproduct at one time or in one context may be a useful material that would count as an instance of #$ArtificialMaterial in another.") ;;; #$Asleep (#$isa #$Asleep #$Alertness) (#$genlAttributes #$Asleep #$Unconscious) (#$comment #$Asleep "#$Asleep is the #$Alertness attribute of being asleep. #$Asleep is a specialization of #$Unconscious. (#$holdsIn (#$YearFn 1776) (#$alertnessLevel RipVanWinkle #$Asleep)).") ;;; #$Assertion (#$isa #$Assertion #$Collection) (#$isa #$Assertion #$ObjectType) (#$genls #$Assertion #$Individual) (#$genls #$Assertion #$CycIndexedTerm) (#$genls #$Assertion #$ComputationalObject) (#$genls #$Assertion #$AbstractInformation) (#$comment #$Assertion "A collection of computational objects. Each instance of #$Assertion is either (1) an assertion reified in the Cyc Knowledge Base (i.e., a formula and its associated datastructure, actually in the Cyc KB), or (2) an Epistemological Level #$CycFormula that can be canonicalized and reified as one or more KB assertions. #$Assertion is used as an argument type for meta-predicates such as #$overrides.") ;;; #$AstronomicalObject (#$isa #$AstronomicalObject #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$AstronomicalObject #$InanimateObject-Natural) (#$genls #$AstronomicalObject #$TangibleThing) (#$comment #$AstronomicalObject "A collection of tangible objects. Each element of #$AstronomicalObject is an object of interest to astronomers, which includes the Earth along with other objects in outer space. Some, but not all, elements of #$AstronomicalObject belong to #$CelestialObject, the collection of heavenly bodies visible from earth. Examples: #$Polaris-TheStar, the #$Sun, #$PlanetSaturn.") ;;; #$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate (#$isa #$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate #$PredicateCategory) (#$isa #$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate #$Collection) (#$genls #$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate #$BinaryPredicate) (#$genls #$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate #$IrreflexiveBinaryPredicate) (#$genls #$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate #$AntiSymmetricBinaryPredicate) (#$comment #$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate "A collection of predicates; the subset of #$AntiSymmetricBinaryPredicate whose elements represent asymmetric relations. A predicate F is an element of #$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate if and only if F is a binary predicate and (F X Y) implies (#$not (F Y X)). For example, #$northOf, #$children, #$greaterThan, #$overrides. Note this additional restriction: A Cyc predicate F can be an element of #$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate only if the type (i.e., arg-Isa) constraint applicable to F's first argument is not disjoint with the type constraint applicable to F's second argument. See also #$NoteOnArgumentTypingAndPropertiesOfRelations.") ;;; #$Athlete (#$isa #$Athlete #$OccupationType) (#$genls #$Athlete #$Professional) (#$genls #$Athlete #$Person) (#$comment #$Athlete "A collection of persons. Each element of #$Athlete is a person who trains to compete in contests involving physical agility, stamina, or strength. In the #$JobMt, #$Athlete is a subset of #$Professional (q.v.), and hence in that microtheory represents the collection of professional athletes.") ;;; #$AthleticActivity (#$isa #$AthleticActivity #$ScriptType) (#$genls #$AthleticActivity #$Exercising) (#$comment #$AthleticActivity "Any athletic activity, not just sports events. E.g., spelunking, or going for a jog, or shooting a few hoops.") ;;; #$AtlanticOcean (#$isa #$AtlanticOcean #$Entity) (#$isa #$AtlanticOcean #$Ocean) (#$comment #$AtlanticOcean "The main body of salt water in the #$WesternHemisphere-Region, bordering on five continents (Western coasts of Europe and Africa, Antarctica, Eastern coasts of North and South Americas).") ;;; #$Atom (#$isa #$Atom #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$Atom #$ChemicalObject) (#$comment #$Atom "A collection of microscopic-scale objects. Each instance of #$Atom has one atomic nucleus and some number of electrons. As a default, we assume that an instance of #$Atom has no net charge, i.e., that it has as many instances of #$Electrons as it does of #$Protons in its #$AtomicNucleus; but note there are exceptions, e.g., in the subset #$Ion.") ;;; #$AtomFn (#$isa #$AtomFn #$CollectionDenotingFunction) (#$resultIsa #$AtomFn #$ExistingObjectType) (#$resultGenl #$AtomFn #$Atom) (#$arg1Isa #$AtomFn #$ElementStuffTypeByNumberOfProtons) (#$arg1Genl #$AtomFn #$ElementStuff) (#$comment #$AtomFn "#$AtomFn is a Cyc function, specifically a #$CollectionDenotingFunction. It may be used to denote any subset of #$Atom which contains all the atoms of a particular element type. #$AtomFn takes an instance of #$ElementStuffTypeByNumberOfProtons as its single argument and returns the collection of all atoms of that element. Thus, for any E which is an #$ElementStuffTypeByNumberOfProtons, (#$AtomFn E) returns the subset of #$Atom which contains all the atoms of element type E. Each atom in the collection (#$AtomFn E) has N protons in its atomic nucleus, where N is the #$atomicNumber of the element type E. For example, (#$AtomFn #$Carbon) is the collection of carbon atoms, each of which has 6 protons in its nucleus.") ;;; #$AtomicNucleus (#$isa #$AtomicNucleus #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$AtomicNucleus #$ChemicalObject) (#$comment #$AtomicNucleus "A collection of objects; a subset of #$ChemicalObject. Each instance of #$AtomicNucleus is an object composed of some definite number of instances of #$Proton and some definite number of instances of #$Neutron. Instances of the collection #$Atom are each composed of one member of #$AtomicNucleus and some number of electrons.") ;;; #$AttemptingFn (#$isa #$AttemptingFn #$CollectionDenotingFunction) (#$resultIsa #$AttemptingFn #$ScriptType) (#$resultGenl #$AttemptingFn #$PurposefulAction) (#$arg1Isa #$AttemptingFn #$ScriptType) (#$arg1Isa #$AttemptingFn #$TemporalObjectType) (#$arg1Genl #$AttemptingFn #$Action) (#$comment #$AttemptingFn "(#$AttemptingFn ACTION-TYPE) maps from the collection ACTION-TYPE (a subset of #$Action) to a collection of attempts to perform ACTION-TYPE. Thus the result of (#$AttemptingFn #$Speaking) would be the collection of attempts at speaking, both those attempts which are successes (thus resulting in actual #$Speakings), and those which are failures. #$AttemptingFn operates on the #$Collection level, and is used to talk about kinds of attempts that can occur. To talk about the specific attempt that brought about an event which actually occurred, use #$SuccessfulAttemptFn.") ;;; #$AttributeType (#$isa #$AttributeType #$Collection) (#$genls #$AttributeType #$ObjectType) (#$comment #$AttributeType "A collection of collections. Each element of #$AttributeType is a collection of attributes. Each element of #$AttributeType is a subset of #$AttributeValue (q.v.). Examples include #$SensoryAttribute, #$BodyPartPosition, #$OrientationAttribute, #$SecurityClearanceLevel, #$ComputerVideoResolution, #$TorqueVector, and many more.") ;;; #$AttributeValue (#$isa #$AttributeValue #$AttributeType) (#$isa #$AttributeValue #$Collection) (#$genls #$AttributeValue #$IntangibleIndividual) (#$genls #$AttributeValue #$Individual) (#$comment #$AttributeValue "The set of all attributes represented in Cyc. #$AttributeValue includes quantities, such as 5 inches (i.e., (#$Inch 5)) or 1000 dollars per year (i.e., (#$DollarsPerYear 1000)), as well as qualities like #$Hilly, #$Rough, #$DeviceOn, etc., which can be used to make assertions about the state of some tangible object.") (#$synonymousExternalConcept #$AttributeValue #$SENSUS-Information1997 "QUALITY") ;;; #$AudibleSound (#$isa #$AudibleSound #$WavePropagationType) (#$genls #$AudibleSound #$Sound) (#$comment #$AudibleSound "A collection of events; a subset of #$Sound. Each element of #$AudibleSound is a sound within the #$Frequency range of human hearing.") ;;; #$AudioCommunicating (#$isa #$AudioCommunicating #$TemporalStuffType) (#$isa #$AudioCommunicating #$DefaultDisjointScriptType) (#$genls #$AudioCommunicating #$Communicating) (#$comment #$AudioCommunicating "A collection of information transfer events; a subset of #$Communicating. Each element of #$AudioCommunicating is a transmission of sound-borne information between two (or more) agents; e.g., talking, clapping, or performing music.") ;;; #$August (#$isa #$August #$MonthOfYearType) (#$genls #$August #$CalendarMonth) ;;; #$AuthorizedAgreement (#$isa #$AuthorizedAgreement #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$AuthorizedAgreement #$Agreement) (#$comment #$AuthorizedAgreement "The collection of generic agreements that are authorized by one of the agreeing parties (typically by the issuer of the document embodying the agreement). #$AuthorizedAgreements are generic in the sense that their authorizing agents are party to many similar agreements; for that reason, an #$AuthorizedAgreement is typically given a unique identification number. Examples: bank accounts, driver's licenses, stock certificates.") ;;; #$AutoDealership (#$isa #$AutoDealership #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$AutoDealership #$RetailStore) (#$genls #$AutoDealership #$LocalCustomerContactPoint) (#$genls #$AutoDealership #$Business) (#$comment #$AutoDealership "Each instance is an establishment (an organization located at one site) that sells automobiles and other types of road vehicles to consumers.") ;;; #$Automobile (#$isa #$Automobile #$ProductType) (#$isa #$Automobile #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$Automobile #$HumanlyOccupiedSpatialObject) (#$genls #$Automobile #$RoadVehicle) (#$genls #$Automobile #$ContactLocation) (#$comment #$Automobile "A collection of transportation devices -- those commonly known as `passenger cars.' An instance of #$Automobile is an element of #$RoadVehicle which was designed for carrying about 4 passengers (give or take a factor of 2). In addition to midsize cars, #$Automobile includes elements belonging to the subsets #$SportsCar and #$Van. This collection does NOT include motorcycles, pickups, buses, tractors, etc.") ;;; #$Awake (#$isa #$Awake #$Alertness) (#$comment #$Awake "#$Awake is the #$Alertness attribute of being awake.") ;;; #$AxisFn (#$isa #$AxisFn #$ReifiableFunction) (#$isa #$AxisFn #$IndividualDenotingFunction) (#$resultIsa #$AxisFn #$IntrinsicAxisOfObject) (#$arg1Isa #$AxisFn #$PartiallyTangible) (#$arg2Isa #$AxisFn #$RegionType) (#$arg2Genl #$AxisFn #$Side) (#$arg3Isa #$AxisFn #$RegionType) (#$arg3Genl #$AxisFn #$Side) (#$comment #$AxisFn "(#$AxisFn OBJ REGIONTYP REGIONTYP) is a function that, applied to an individual object OBJ and two types of region of such an object, returns the axis through the object, determined by running the axis through the individual regions (of those types) of the object. Thus #$AxisFn is an #$IndividualDenotingFunction that returns a particular axis of an individual object. (#$AxisFn OBJ FROM-SIDE TO-SIDE) denotes a directional axis, pointing from FROM-SIDE to TO-SIDE of OBJ and extending through it. For example, (#$AxisFn `Chair37' #$BackSide #$FrontSide) would denote the back-to-front axis of Chair37. See also #$IntrinsicAxisOfObject.") ;;; #$BackSide (#$isa #$BackSide #$RegionType) (#$genls #$BackSide #$Side) (#$comment #$BackSide "The collection of all the entire back sides (as conventionally understood) of all objects that have distinct #$Sides, one of which faces in the backwards direction.") ;;; #$Baked (#$isa #$Baked #$PreparationAttribute) (#$genlAttributes #$Baked #$Cooked) (#$comment #$Baked "The attribute #$Baked is a specialized form of #$Cooked. Food that is #$Baked has been prepared in an event of #$BakingFood, using a $#RegularOven.") ;;; #$BakingFood (#$isa #$BakingFood #$TemporalObjectType) (#$isa #$BakingFood #$DefaultDisjointScriptType) (#$genls #$BakingFood #$CookingFood) (#$comment #$BakingFood "A collection of events in which food is baked in a #$RegularOven. After an event of #$BakingFood, the food involved has been #$Baked.") ;;; #$BalconyLevelInAConstruction (#$isa #$BalconyLevelInAConstruction #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$BalconyLevelInAConstruction #$ContainerProduct) (#$genls #$BalconyLevelInAConstruction #$LevelOfAConstruction) (#$comment #$BalconyLevelInAConstruction "This refers to those overhanging levels or balconies found in some churches, theatres, etc. They ARE NOT the kind of balcony that protrude from a window or from an already existing level. These levels are often a third the size of the floor or level below them, and therefore can be called legitimate levels themselves. They usually contain a mob of seats.") ;;; #$Bangladesh (#$isa #$Bangladesh #$IndependentCountry) (#$isa #$Bangladesh #$Entity) ;;; #$BankDebitCard (#$isa #$BankDebitCard #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$BankDebitCard #$Card) (#$genls #$BankDebitCard #$TenderObject) (#$genls #$BankDebitCard #$IDDocument) (#$genls #$BankDebitCard #$OfficialDocument) (#$comment #$BankDebitCard "A collection of official `documents'. Each element of #$BankDebitCard is a plastic card that enables the holder to access the account with which the card is associated; typically used to withdraw funds from the account. Cf. #$CreditCard.") ;;; #$Bartering (#$isa #$Bartering #$TemporalObjectType) (#$isa #$Bartering #$DefaultDisjointScriptType) (#$genls #$Bartering #$ExchangeOfUserRights) (#$genls #$Bartering #$Transaction) (#$comment #$Bartering "The collection of transactions between two #$Agents in which one #$Agent gives items or services to another #$Agent, and the other #$Agent gives items or services in return, and neither of the items or services is money, credit, or payment of money.") ;;; #$BaseKB (#$isa #$BaseKB #$BroadMicrotheory) (#$genlMt #$BaseKB #$BaseKB) (#$comment #$BaseKB "#$BaseKB is the most general #$Microtheory currently in use. Assertions in this context are `accessible' from any other #$Microtheory via the #$genlMt relation. In the partial order of microtheories, all microtheories have access to #$BaseKB. An assertion which is true here will by default be true in every context. The `content' of #$BaseKB consists of very general assertions which are expected to be usable in most or all applications of Cyc, as well as Cyc's most fundamental assertions that it uses in inference, and all completely universal, timeless truths.") ;;; #$BasementLevelInAConstruction (#$isa #$BasementLevelInAConstruction #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$BasementLevelInAConstruction #$LevelOfAConstruction) (#$comment #$BasementLevelInAConstruction "Any level of a building which is underground.") ;;; #$Battle (#$isa #$Battle #$ScriptType) (#$isa #$Battle #$TemporalObjectType) (#$genls #$Battle #$HostileSocialAction) (#$comment #$Battle "The collection of events in which two or more large groups of #$Persons meet and fight one another, each group seeking to vanquish (some of) the others. #$Battles are often conducted by #$MilitaryOrganizations, and they may influence the outcomes of #$WagingWar. A #$Battle will have as #$subEvents at least two #$PhysicallyAttackingAnAgent events, in which one of the fighting groups attacks the other.") ;;; #$BeliefSystem (#$isa #$BeliefSystem #$BeliefSystemType) (#$genls #$BeliefSystem #$MentalObject) (#$comment #$BeliefSystem "The collection of ideologies (systems of belief) in terms of which an agent characterizes (i.e., makes sense of) their world. Elements of this set include: #$VegetarianBeliefs, #$GermanNaziIdeology, #$RepublicanIdeology, #$CommunistIdeology, #$PacifistIdeology, #$Atheism, etc. See also #$ConventionalClassificationSystem.") ;;; #$BeliefSystemType (#$isa #$BeliefSystemType #$Collection) (#$genls #$BeliefSystemType #$StuffType) (#$comment #$BeliefSystemType "The collection of all the kinds of #$BeliefSystems: religious, philosophical, political, ethical, cultural, and scientific. Some elements of this collection include #$Religion, #$PhilosophyBeliefs, etc. The most general member of this set is #$BeliefSystems (qv).") ;;; #$Bendable (#$isa #$Bendable #$PhysicalStructuralAttribute) (#$genlAttributes #$Bendable #$Flexible) (#$comment #$Bendable "A physical attribute. #$Bendable is the #$PhysicalStructuralAttribute of an object that tends to stay in the contorted shape when contorted. Note: for something to be bendable, it must be #$Flexible.") ;;; #$BengaliLanguage (#$isa #$BengaliLanguage #$LivingLanguage) (#$comment #$BengaliLanguage "Language spoken in the Indic area.") ;;; #$Bicycle (#$isa #$Bicycle #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$Bicycle #$LandTransportationDevice) (#$genls #$Bicycle #$Device-UserPowered) (#$comment #$Bicycle "The collection of all bicycles, personal wheeled transport devices powered by human peddling. Most Bicycles have two main wheels arranged in-line, but some tandem bicycles have more than two wheels.") ;;; #$BilaterallySymmetricObject (#$isa #$BilaterallySymmetricObject #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$BilaterallySymmetricObject #$SpatialThing) (#$comment #$BilaterallySymmetricObject "The collection of objects which are symmetric on both sides of a bisecting axis, as are most vertebrates.") ;;; #$Bill-PaymentRequest (#$isa #$Bill-PaymentRequest #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$Bill-PaymentRequest #$OfficialDocument) (#$genls #$Bill-PaymentRequest #$HardcopyInformationBearingObject) (#$genls #$Bill-PaymentRequest #$TextualMaterial) (#$comment #$Bill-PaymentRequest "A collection of documents. Each element of #$Bill-PaymentRequest is a notification, demand, or request made by a creditor (or its agent) to a debtor, for payment of a debt previously incurred for some loan, goods, or services. Examples: telephone bills, tax bills, department store bills, cleaning bills, fuel bills.") ;;; #$BillingLocation (#$isa #$BillingLocation #$ContactLocationType) (#$genls #$BillingLocation #$MailingLocation) (#$comment #$BillingLocation "A collection of places; a subset of #$ContactLocation. Each element of #$BillingLocation is a location to which invoices are sent. For most private individuals, their billing location is their home address.") ;;; #$BinaryPredicate (#$isa #$BinaryPredicate #$PredicateCategory) (#$isa #$BinaryPredicate #$Collection) (#$genls #$BinaryPredicate #$Predicate) (#$comment #$BinaryPredicate "#$BinaryPredicate is the collection of all Cyc predicates which take two arguments.") (#$synonymousExternalConcept #$BinaryPredicate #$SENSUS-Information1997 "TWO-PLACE-RELATION") ;;; #$BioDeteriorationResistance (#$isa #$BioDeteriorationResistance #$PrimitiveAttributeType) (#$genls #$BioDeteriorationResistance #$ScalarInterval) (#$genls #$BioDeteriorationResistance #$PhysicalAttribute) (#$comment #$BioDeteriorationResistance "A collection of attributes; a subset of #$PhysicalAttribute. Each element of #$BioDeteriorationResistance represents a specific capacity of a tangible object to resist biological deterioration. Degrees of #$BioDeteriorationResistance may be represented using #$GenericValueFunctions. Indicate a particular object's #$BioDeteriorationResistance with the predicate #$resistanceToBioDeterioration.") ;;; #$BiologicalCatabolismEvent (#$isa #$BiologicalCatabolismEvent #$TemporalObjectType) (#$isa #$BiologicalCatabolismEvent #$DefaultDisjointScriptType) (#$genls #$BiologicalCatabolismEvent #$BiologicalMetabolismEvent) (#$genls #$BiologicalCatabolismEvent #$BiologicalDestructionEvent) (#$comment #$BiologicalCatabolismEvent "A collection of events. Each #$BiologicalCatabolismEvent involve the destruction of larger molecules. E.g., the degradation of glucose into carbon dioxide and water, which releases energy used to make ATP (adenosine triphosphate).") ;;; #$BiologicalClass (#$isa #$BiologicalClass #$BiologicalTaxonType) (#$genls #$BiologicalClass #$BiologicalTaxon) (#$comment #$BiologicalClass "The collection of taxonomic subdivisions directly under #$BiologicalPhylum (for animals and for the animal-like organisms in the #$ProtistaKingdom), or #$BiologicalDivision (for the plants and for the plant-like organisms within the #$ProtistaKingdom).") ;;; #$BiologicalDecompositionEvent (#$isa #$BiologicalDecompositionEvent #$TemporalObjectType) (#$isa #$BiologicalDecompositionEvent #$DefaultDisjointScriptType) (#$genls #$BiologicalDecompositionEvent #$BiologicalDestructionEvent) (#$genls #$BiologicalDecompositionEvent #$DecompositionEvent) (#$comment #$BiologicalDecompositionEvent "A collection of events. In each #$BiologicalDecompositionEvent, some living structures are decomposed.") ;;; #$BiologicalDestructionEvent (#$isa #$BiologicalDestructionEvent #$TemporalObjectType) (#$isa #$BiologicalDestructionEvent #$DefaultDisjointScriptType) (#$genls #$BiologicalDestructionEvent #$BiologicalEvent) (#$genls #$BiologicalDestructionEvent #$DestructionEvent) (#$comment #$BiologicalDestructionEvent "A collection of events. In each element of #$BiologicalDestructionEvent, something is destroyed by some element(s) of #$BiologicalLivingObject. For example, #$DigestingInStomach is a subset of #$BiologicalDestructionEvent.") ;;; #$BiologicalDevelopmentEvent (#$isa #$BiologicalDevelopmentEvent #$TemporalObjectType) (#$isa #$BiologicalDevelopmentEvent #$DefaultDisjointScriptType) (#$genls #$BiologicalDevelopmentEvent #$IntrinsicStateChangeEvent) (#$genls #$BiologicalDevelopmentEvent #$BiologicalEvent) (#$comment #$BiologicalDevelopmentEvent "A collection of events, and a subset of #$IntrinsicStateChangeEvents. In each #$BiologicalDevelopmentEvent, one or more living things undergo biological changes in which they progress from one developmental stage to another. For example, the germination of a seed, the opening of a flower, the pupating of a caterpillar, a teenager reaching puberty. Some borderline non-examples include: Groucho Marx being born, Groucho Marx dying.") ;;; #$BiologicalDivision (#$isa #$BiologicalDivision #$BiologicalTaxonType) (#$genls #$BiologicalDivision #$BiologicalTaxon) (#$comment #$BiologicalDivision "The collection of main taxonomic subdivisions of #$BiologicalKingdom (or #$BiologicalSubkingdom) for the members of the #$MoneraKingdom (i.e., prokaryotes), #$Fungus Kingdom, #$Plant Kingdom, and for the plant-like organisms within the #$ProtistaKingdom. In the #$Animal Kingdom, however, the main taxonomic subdivisions are elements of #$BiologicalPhylum (q.v.) rather than #$BiologicalDivision.") ;;; #$BiologicalEvent (#$isa #$BiologicalEvent #$TemporalObjectType) (#$isa #$BiologicalEvent #$DefaultDisjointScriptType) (#$genls #$BiologicalEvent #$PhysicalEvent) (#$comment #$BiologicalEvent "An event in which a biological thing is a #$bodilyDoer.") ;;; #$BiologicalFamily (#$isa #$BiologicalFamily #$BiologicalTaxonType) (#$genls #$BiologicalFamily #$BiologicalTaxon) (#$comment #$BiologicalFamily "The collection of biological taxonomic subdivisions below #$BiologicalOrder and above #$BiologicalGenus. Especially important in Botanical classification.") ;;; #$BiologicalGenus (#$isa #$BiologicalGenus #$BiologicalTaxonType) (#$genls #$BiologicalGenus #$BiologicalTaxon) (#$comment #$BiologicalGenus "The collection of biological taxonomic subdivisions below #$BiologicalFamily and above #$BiologicalSpecies. Sometimes, hybrids are possible between different instances of #$BiologicalSpecies that belong to the same #$BiologicalGenus.") ;;; #$BiologicalIntakeEvent (#$isa #$BiologicalIntakeEvent #$TemporalObjectType) (#$isa #$BiologicalIntakeEvent #$DefaultDisjointScriptType) (#$genls #$BiologicalIntakeEvent #$BiologicalTransportationEvent) (#$comment #$BiologicalIntakeEvent "A collection of processes. In each element of #$BiologicalIntakeEvent, some object(s) are taken into some living structure.") ;;; #$BiologicalKingdom (#$isa #$BiologicalKingdom #$BiologicalTaxonType) (#$genls #$BiologicalKingdom #$BiologicalTaxon) (#$comment #$BiologicalKingdom "The collection of the highest, most general taxonomic divisions of organisms. Traditionally, it has included the elements of #$Animal and of #$Plant and may include separate kingdoms for the elements of #$ProkaryoticCell, single-celled eukaryotes (protists), and fungi.") ;;; #$BiologicalLivingObject (#$isa #$BiologicalLivingObject #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$BiologicalLivingObject #$OrganicStuff) (#$genls #$BiologicalLivingObject #$CompositeTangibleAndIntangibleObject) (#$comment #$BiologicalLivingObject "A collection of all structures that are composed of one or more living cells (see #$Cell). Biological living objects (BLOs) may be either elements of #$Organism-Whole (like dogs or pine trees) or are components of such whole organisms (like noses, tails, and pine needles). The healthy leg of a living person is a BLO (as is the person), but an amputated leg is not a BLO. Every element of #$BiologicalLivingObject is either capable of biological reproduction itself or has components which are capable of biological reproduction (such as the cells in a living arm).") ;;; #$BiologicalMetabolismEvent (#$isa #$BiologicalMetabolismEvent #$TemporalObjectType) (#$isa #$BiologicalMetabolismEvent #$DefaultDisjointScriptType) (#$genls #$BiologicalMetabolismEvent #$BiologicalEvent) (#$comment #$BiologicalMetabolismEvent "The collection of biological processes in which substrates are converted into metabolites. The metabolites may be more or less complex than the substrates.") ;;; #$BiologicalOrder (#$isa #$BiologicalOrder #$BiologicalTaxonType) (#$genls #$BiologicalOrder #$BiologicalTaxon) (#$comment #$BiologicalOrder "The collection of biological taxonomic subdivisions below #$BiologicalClass (or #$BiologicalSubclass) and above #$BiologicalFamily.") ;;; #$BiologicalPhylum (#$isa #$BiologicalPhylum #$BiologicalTaxonType) (#$genls #$BiologicalPhylum #$BiologicalTaxon) (#$comment #$BiologicalPhylum "The collection of main taxonomic subdivisions of #$BiologicalKingdom (or #$BiologicalSubkingdom if present) for the #$Animal kingdom and for the animal-like organisms within the #$ProtistaKingdom. The other elements of #$BiologicalKingdom have divisions belonging to #$BiologicalDivision instead of Phyla (Phyla is the plural of Phylum).") ;;; #$BiologicalProductionEvent (#$isa #$BiologicalProductionEvent #$TemporalObjectType) (#$isa #$BiologicalProductionEvent #$DefaultDisjointScriptType) (#$genls #$BiologicalProductionEvent #$CreationEvent) (#$genls #$BiologicalProductionEvent #$BiologicalEvent) (#$comment #$BiologicalProductionEvent "A collection of events. In each element of #$BiologicalProductionEvent, raw materials are combined to produce a product, and some element(s) of #$BiologicalLivingObject is the producer. E.g., the production of honey by honeybees, the growth of a seedling into a tree, the secretion of sweat by a marathon runner, etc. Note: This is a very general collection, and for most purposes one of its subsets will better capture what is intended.") ;;; #$BiologicalReproductionEvent (#$isa #$BiologicalReproductionEvent #$TemporalObjectType) (#$isa #$BiologicalReproductionEvent #$DefaultDisjointScriptType) (#$genls #$BiologicalReproductionEvent #$BiologicalEvent) (#$genls #$BiologicalReproductionEvent #$BiologicalProductionEvent) (#$comment #$BiologicalReproductionEvent "A collection of events. Each element of #$BiologicalReproductionEvent is an event in which one or more biological organisms (the #$parentActors) produce new organisms (the #$offspringActors) generally of the same kind as the parents.") ;;; #$BiologicalSpecies (#$isa #$BiologicalSpecies #$BiologicalTaxonType) (#$genls #$BiologicalSpecies #$BiologicalTaxon) (#$comment #$BiologicalSpecies "A collection of the lowest taxons (#$BiologicalTaxon, q.v.) that are necessarily common to both parents of fertile offspring, or, in the case of asexual reproduction, necessarily common to parent and child. Members of different species cannot produce fertile offspring by interbreeding. An element of #$BiologicalSpecies has members who all have significant traits in common, and members of each biological species have other members as parents. In biological taxonomy, related species are grouped into a particular element of #$BiologicalGenus (q.v.).") ;;; #$BiologicalStageOfDevelopment (#$isa #$BiologicalStageOfDevelopment #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$BiologicalStageOfDevelopment #$BiologicalLivingObject) (#$comment #$BiologicalStageOfDevelopment "The collection of all the particular stages of existence of all living things. Each element of #$BiologicalStageOfDevelopment is a spatiotemporal portion of the life of some instance of #$BiologicalLivingObject. Typical cases (i.e., subsets) include #$Larva, #$Pupa, #$AdultAnimal, etc. For example, the pupal stage of a particular Monarch butterfly, or my American Beauty rose bush during the stage when it was blooming last year, or Teddy Roosevelt during his 13th year. See also the related Cyc predicates #$developmentalSuccessor and #$developmentalStages. ") ;;; #$BiologicalSubclass (#$isa #$BiologicalSubclass #$BiologicalTaxonType) (#$genls #$BiologicalSubclass #$BiologicalTaxon) (#$comment #$BiologicalSubclass "The collection of biological taxonomic subdivisions more specific than #$BiologicalClass but more general than #$BiologicalOrder.") ;;; #$BiologicalSubkingdom (#$isa #$BiologicalSubkingdom #$BiologicalTaxonType) (#$genls #$BiologicalSubkingdom #$BiologicalTaxon) (#$comment #$BiologicalSubkingdom "The collection of biological subkingdoms, the biological taxonomic divisions of organisms immediately below #$BiologicalKingdom.") ;;; #$BiologicalTaxon (#$isa #$BiologicalTaxon #$BiologicalTaxonType) (#$genls #$BiologicalTaxon #$ConventionalClassificationType) (#$genls #$BiologicalTaxon #$OrganismClassificationType) (#$comment #$BiologicalTaxon "The collection of ranked categories accepted by biologists for the biological classification of organisms according to their suspected evolutionary relationships. Includes all levels of taxons. See also #$BiologicalTaxonType and #$OrganismClassificationType.") ;;; #$BiologicalTaxonType (#$isa #$BiologicalTaxonType #$DisjointSetOrCollection) (#$isa #$BiologicalTaxonType #$SiblingDisjointCollection) (#$genls #$BiologicalTaxonType #$ConventionalClassificationType) (#$genls #$BiologicalTaxonType #$SiblingDisjointCollection) (#$comment #$BiologicalTaxonType "A collection of collections; #$BiologicalTaxonType contains the classes of organism types (i.e., taxons) that biologists recognize, including #$BiologicalSpecies, #$BiologicalPhylum, etc. The naive classes that non-biologists use may be instances of some element of #$BiologicalTaxonType, though often they are not. When they coincide, the commonsense class of organism (e.g., #$Person) is an instance of some #$BiologicalTaxonType (#$BiologicalSpecies, for example). See also #$OrganismClassificationType.") ;;; #$BiologicalTransportationEvent (#$isa #$BiologicalTransportationEvent #$TemporalObjectType) (#$isa #$BiologicalTransportationEvent #$DefaultDisjointScriptType) (#$genls #$BiologicalTransportationEvent #$TransportationEvent) (#$genls #$BiologicalTransportationEvent #$BiologicalEvent) (#$comment #$BiologicalTransportationEvent "The collection of processes involving living structures in which objects are transported.") ;;; #$Bird (#$isa #$Bird #$BiologicalClass) (#$genls #$Bird #$Vertebrate) (#$genls #$Bird #$NonPersonAnimal) (#$genls #$Bird #$TerrestrialOrganism) (#$comment #$Bird "The collection of birds; a subset of #$Vertebrate. Each element of #$Bird is an air-breathing, warm-blooded animal, covered with feathers, having forelimbs modified as wings and a beak rather than teeth. Members of most, but not all, species of bird can fly. #$Bird is an instance of #$BiologicalClass.") ;;; #$BirthEvent (#$isa #$BirthEvent #$DefaultDisjointScriptType) (#$isa #$BirthEvent #$TemporalObjectType) (#$genls #$BirthEvent #$MedicalCareEvent) (#$genls #$BirthEvent #$EmittingAnObject) (#$genls #$BirthEvent #$PregnancyEndingEvent) (#$genls #$BirthEvent #$BiologicalDevelopmentEvent) (#$comment #$BirthEvent "The collection of events in which one animal (prototypically, a #$Mammal) gives birth to another. The mother is the #$birthParent and the child is the #$birthChild. Both are #$objectOfStateChange; the mother goes from being pregnant to not pregnant, while the child goes from the #$Embryo life stage to the #$JuvenileAnimal life stage (see #$BiologicalStageOfDevelopment.") ;;; #$BlimpTheAirship (#$isa #$BlimpTheAirship #$ProductType) (#$isa #$BlimpTheAirship #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$BlimpTheAirship #$TransportationDevice-Vehicle) (#$genls #$BlimpTheAirship #$AirTransportationDevice) (#$genls #$BlimpTheAirship #$ContainerProduct) (#$comment #$BlimpTheAirship "The collection of all dirigible, motorized, lighter-than-air craft (airships). Each generally consists of a gas-filled gas-sack from which a control and passenger cabin hangs (the gas-sack may or may not have rigid reinforcement such as ribs). A BlimpTheAirship flies more slowly than an #$Airplane. They are also called blimps, dirigibles and Zeppelins.") ;;; #$BlueCollar (#$isa #$BlueCollar #$JobAttribute) (#$comment #$BlueCollar "An attribute; an element of #$JobAttribute. Blue collar jobs are those requiring a relatively high proportion of manual/physical labor.") ;;; #$BlueCollarWorker (#$isa #$BlueCollarWorker #$OccupationType) (#$genls #$BlueCollarWorker #$Professional) (#$comment #$BlueCollarWorker "A collection of persons; a subset of #$Professional. Each element of #$BlueCollarWorker is a person whose occupation is manual-labor intensive, sometimes demanding physical strength and, in some jobs, considerable skill, practical judgment, and work experience. Types of blue-collar workers include miners, truck drivers, steelworkers, construction workers, agricultural workers, laborers, mechanics, garbage collectors, assembly line workers, janitorial workers, etc. Their jobs may require some specialized training or apprenticeship but don't require a college degree.") ;;; #$Boat-WaterTransportationDevice (#$isa #$Boat-WaterTransportationDevice #$ProductType) (#$isa #$Boat-WaterTransportationDevice #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$Boat-WaterTransportationDevice #$ContainerProduct) (#$genls #$Boat-WaterTransportationDevice #$WaterTransportationDevice) (#$comment #$Boat-WaterTransportationDevice "A collection of water transportation devices. An instance of #$Boat-WaterTransportationDevice is a device for transporting people and/or objects through or over water without getting them wet; thus, instances of #$Rowboat or #$Ship (as opposed to #$JetSki or #$Surfboard or #$Sailboard).") ;;; #$BodilyFunctionEvent (#$isa #$BodilyFunctionEvent #$TemporalStuffType) (#$isa #$BodilyFunctionEvent #$DefaultDisjointScriptType) (#$genls #$BodilyFunctionEvent #$SingleDoerAction) (#$genls #$BodilyFunctionEvent #$PhysiologicalProcess) (#$genls #$BodilyFunctionEvent #$AnimalActivity) (#$comment #$BodilyFunctionEvent "The collection of animal activities that are regular bodily functions; examples include: a particular eating event, a particular breathing event, etc.") ;;; #$BodilyFunctionEvent-Involuntary (#$isa #$BodilyFunctionEvent-Involuntary #$TemporalStuffType) (#$isa #$BodilyFunctionEvent-Involuntary #$DefaultDisjointScriptType) (#$genls #$BodilyFunctionEvent-Involuntary #$BodilyFunctionEvent) (#$comment #$BodilyFunctionEvent-Involuntary "This is the subset of #$BodilyFunctionEvent whose elements are actions in which the `doer' is, by definition, a #$nonDeliberateActors. Specializations (subsets) of #$BodilyFunctionEvent-Involuntary include #$HavingASeizure, #$Blushing, #$Bleeding, #$ExperiencingHunger, etc. Note: if the `doer' of an involuntary bodily function is an #$Organism-Whole, then use #$bodilyDoer to describe its role in the event.") ;;; #$BodyMovementEvent (#$isa #$BodyMovementEvent #$DefaultDisjointScriptType) (#$isa #$BodyMovementEvent #$TemporalObjectType) (#$genls #$BodyMovementEvent #$AnimalActivity) (#$genls #$BodyMovementEvent #$SingleDoerAction) (#$genls #$BodyMovementEvent #$MovementEvent) (#$comment #$BodyMovementEvent "The collection of activities in which an #$Animal agent moves a part of its own body, whether consciously and intentionally or reflexively. #$BodyMovementEvent includes subsets such as #$TakingAStep, #$BlockingAPunch, #$Hiccoughing, and #$BlinkingOnesEyes.") ;;; #$BodyOfWater (#$isa #$BodyOfWater #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$BodyOfWater (#$LiquidFn #$Water)) (#$genls #$BodyOfWater #$TopographicalFeature) (#$genls #$BodyOfWater #$OutdoorLocation) (#$comment #$BodyOfWater "A collection of topographical features. Each element of #$BodyOfWater is a natural or artificial body of water. Elements may belong to specialized subsets such as #$Lake, #$Stream, and #$Ocean. #$BodyOfWater includes reservoirs, #$Canals, and navigation channels that are developed and/or enlarged by humans. However, it does not include smaller purely-artificial bodies of water such as #$SwimmingPools or tanks of water. Examples of #$BodyOfWater: #$HudsonBay, #$PanamaCanal, #$AdriaticSea, #$BayOfBengal, #$NiagaraFalls.") ;;; #$BodyPartCollectionFn (#$isa #$BodyPartCollectionFn #$CollectionDenotingFunction) (#$resultIsa #$BodyPartCollectionFn #$ExistingObjectType) (#$resultGenl #$BodyPartCollectionFn #$AnimalBodyPart) (#$arg1Isa #$BodyPartCollectionFn #$Animal) (#$arg2Isa #$BodyPartCollectionFn #$AnimalBodyPartType) (#$arg2Genl #$BodyPartCollectionFn #$AnimalBodyPart) (#$comment #$BodyPartCollectionFn "#$BodyPartCollectionFn is a #$CollectionDenotingFunction, that is, it is a Cyc function which `returns' (i.e., `has') a collection as its value. Here is an example of what it does. The expression (#$BodyPartCollectionFn #$AbrahamLincoln #$Fingernail) returns, as its value, a collection of ten elements, each of which represents one of the fingernails of Abraham Lincoln. In cases where an animal is likely to only have one part of that type (e.g., head, heart, nose, nervous system), it makes more sense to use the function #$BodyPartFn (qv), rather than using this one, getting a singleton set back, and extracting its lone element.") ;;; #$BodyPartFn (#$isa #$BodyPartFn #$ReifiableFunction) (#$isa #$BodyPartFn #$IndividualDenotingFunction) (#$resultIsa #$BodyPartFn #$AnimalBodyPart) (#$arg1Isa #$BodyPartFn #$Animal) (#$arg2Isa #$BodyPartFn #$AnimalBodyPartType) (#$arg2Isa #$BodyPartFn #$UniqueAnatomicalPartType) (#$arg2Genl #$BodyPartFn #$AnimalBodyPart) (#$comment #$BodyPartFn "#$BodyPartFn is an #$IndividualDenotingFunction, that is, it is a Cyc function which `returns' (i.e., `has') a single individual object as its value. (#$BodyPartFn DeborahNichols #$Heart) represent's Deborah's one and only heart. That nonatomic term can be used almost anywhere that the term DeborahNicholsHeart could have been used, but this way we needn't reify that other term, and so on. Note that the second argument to this function --- i.e., the #$AnimalBodyPartType --- must be a #$UniqueAnatomicalPartType, that is, a kind of part of which an animal can have only one. If an animal can have multiple parts of that type, such as #$Finger, then use the function #$BodyPartCollectionFn instead of #$BodyPartFn.") ;;; #$BodyPartPosition (#$isa #$BodyPartPosition #$AttributeType) (#$genls #$BodyPartPosition #$PhysiologicalAttribute) (#$comment #$BodyPartPosition "The collection of attributes describing the position of a body part (or a whole body). A #$BodyPartPosition may be determined relative to the body's environment (as with #$Postures) or merely with respect to the body part itself (e.g., #$Flexed, #$Extended).") ;;; #$Boiling (#$isa #$Boiling #$TemporalObjectType) (#$isa #$Boiling #$DefaultDisjointScriptType) (#$genls #$Boiling #$PhysicalStateChangeEvent) (#$comment #$Boiling "A collection of events. In each #$Boiling, a piece of liquid matter is raised to its #$boilingPoint and is thereby changed from being in the #$LiquidStateOfMatter to being in the #$GaseousStateOfMatter. Note: this is not intended to cover the cases of heat/evacuation causing a solid to sublime directly into a gas.") ;;; #$Book (#$isa #$Book #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$Book #$PublishedMaterial) (#$comment #$Book "A form of #$HardcopyInformationBearingObject consisting of folded, cut, bound, and usually printed sheets. #$Books are often #$TextualMaterial, but sometimes contain only images.") ;;; #$BookkeepingMt (#$isa #$BookkeepingMt #$Microtheory) (#$genlMt #$BookkeepingMt #$CyclistsMt) (#$genlMt #$BookkeepingMt #$BaseKB) (#$comment #$BookkeepingMt "A #$Microtheory for stating basic #$Cyc bookkeeping information, such as assertions using #$myCreator and #$myCreationTime.") ;;; #$BookkeepingPredicate (#$isa #$BookkeepingPredicate #$PredicateCategory) (#$isa #$BookkeepingPredicate #$Collection) (#$genls #$BookkeepingPredicate #$Predicate) (#$comment #$BookkeepingPredicate "A collection of predicates. Each element of #$BookkeepingPredicate is a predicate used to form assertions about the creation and internal representation of a Cyc constant. Bookkeeping predicates neither specify nor constrain the semantics of Cyc constants. Examples: #$myCreator, #$myCreationTime, #$termOfUnit, #$multiplicationUnits, #$quotientUnits.") ;;; #$Border (#$isa #$Border #$ObjectType) (#$genls #$Border #$SpatialThing) (#$comment #$Border "The collection of all lines, linear regions, or dividing planes or surfaces--physical or abstract--that each constitutes the boundary between (#$formsBorderBetween) two regions (i.e., two elements of #$SpatialThing).") ;;; #$BorderBetweenFn (#$isa #$BorderBetweenFn #$ReifiableFunction) (#$isa #$BorderBetweenFn #$CommutativeRelation) (#$isa #$BorderBetweenFn #$IndividualDenotingFunction) (#$resultIsa #$BorderBetweenFn #$Line) (#$resultIsa #$BorderBetweenFn #$Border) (#$arg1Isa #$BorderBetweenFn #$GeographicalRegion) (#$arg2Isa #$BorderBetweenFn #$GeographicalRegion) (#$comment #$BorderBetweenFn "(#$BorderBetweenFn REG1 REG2), applied to two individual #$GeographicalRegions REG1 REG2, returns the unique entire #$GeopoliticalBorder that separates them. To identify arbitrarily large or small segments of borders see #$formsBorderPart. The border returned by #$BorderBetweenFn may be discontinuous (such the border between France and Spain, interrupted by Andorra), or circular (such as the border between Italy and San Marino), or in abnormal cases it may even have multiple disconnected and nested cyclic fragments (the border between Belgium and Netherlands, due to the Baarle-Nassau and Baarle-Hartog enclaves), or move back and forth periodically (such as at the Isle des Faisans). Nonetheless, (#$BorderBetweenFn REG1 REG2) must denote exactly one object since #$BorderBetweenFn is a function. Reference to nonexistant borders such (#$BorderBetweenFn #$Albania #$UnitedStatesOfAmerica) should cause Cyc to realize that they are undefined. For example, if Cyc concludes that (#$bordersOn #$UnitedStatesOfAmerica #$Albania) is not true, then it should conclude (#$undefined (#$BorderBetweenFn #$Albania #$UnitedStatesOfAmerica)). ") ;;; #$Boredom (#$isa #$Boredom #$FeelingAttributeType) (#$genls #$Boredom #$Apathy) (#$genls #$Boredom #$FeelingAttribute) (#$comment #$Boredom "A state of dissatisfaction, weariness, or restlessness accompanied by a lack of interest. This is a #$Collection --- for an explanation of that, see #$Happiness. A related #$FeelingAttributeType is #$Apathy.") ;;; #$BorrowingSomething (#$isa #$BorrowingSomething #$TemporalObjectType) (#$isa #$BorrowingSomething #$DefaultDisjointScriptType) (#$genls #$BorrowingSomething #$TransferringPossession) (#$genls #$BorrowingSomething #$TemporaryChangeOfUserRights) (#$comment #$BorrowingSomething "A collection of events; a subset of #$TemporaryChangeOfUserRights. In an instance of #$BorrowingSomething, an #$Agent takes temporary control of something, usually with the permission of its owner(s). Generally, the lending agent expects the borrowing agent to use the object for one of its normal functions (#$intendedBehaviorCapable).") ;;; #$BotanicalOrgan (#$isa #$BotanicalOrgan #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$BotanicalOrgan #$PlantPart) (#$comment #$BotanicalOrgan "A subset of #$PlantPart, the collection #$BotanicalOrgan includes parts of a plant which are major morphological and functional divisions of individual plants, typically consisting of stems, flowers, roots, leaves, etc.") ;;; #$BottomSide (#$isa #$BottomSide #$RegionType) (#$genls #$BottomSide #$Side) (#$comment #$BottomSide "The collection of all the entire bottom sides (as conventionally understood) of all objects that have distinct #$Sides, one of which faces down.") ;;; #$Brain (#$isa #$Brain #$AnimalBodyPartType) (#$isa #$Brain #$UniqueAnatomicalPartType) (#$genls #$Brain #$Organ) (#$comment #$Brain "The collection of all #$Animal brains. An individual #$Brain is an #$Organ which controls most bodily movement, recieves sensory input from the body and objects outside the body, and in which the mind operates, being the locus for all #$MentalObjects.") ;;; #$Brazil (#$isa #$Brazil #$IndependentCountry) (#$isa #$Brazil #$Entity) (#$comment #$Brazil "Brazil throughout time, both political and physical aspects.") ;;; #$Breathing (#$isa #$Breathing #$TemporalStuffType) (#$isa #$Breathing #$DefaultDisjointScriptType) (#$genls #$Breathing #$BodyMovementEvent) (#$genls #$Breathing #$AirRespiration) (#$comment #$Breathing "A collection of activities constituting a natural #$PhysiologicalFunction; #$Breathing is the collection of #$AirRespiration events in which the respiring organism takes air into its internal #$Lungs, where the gas exchange occurs. See also #$Respiration.") ;;; #$Brittle (#$isa #$Brittle #$PhysicalStructuralAttribute) (#$comment #$Brittle "A physical attribute. #$Brittle is the #$PhysicalStructuralAttribute of a substance which breaks easily when subjected to a low or moderate impact or application of force, such as most instances of #$Glass.") ;;; #$BroadMicrotheory (#$isa #$BroadMicrotheory #$MicrotheoryType) (#$isa #$BroadMicrotheory #$Collection) (#$genls #$BroadMicrotheory #$Microtheory) (#$comment #$BroadMicrotheory "The collection of those microtheories that contain so many assertions that they are not useful for `relevance' focusing during inference. (A #$BroadMicrotheory is not used internally in Cyc's indexing scheme during inference.) Examples: #$BaseKB and #$EnglishMt.") ;;; #$Building (#$isa #$Building #$ExistingObjectType) (#$isa #$Building #$ProductType) (#$genls #$Building #$FixedStructure) (#$genls #$Building #$HumanShelterConstruction) (#$genls #$Building #$RealEstate) (#$comment #$Building "A collection of artifacts; a subset of #$FixedStructure and of #$HumanShelterConstruction. An instance of #$Building is typically a substantial structure and must have walls and a roof, with rooms inside or at least some area designed to be occupied by humans (but not necessarily as a residence). Examples include the Empire State Building, Michael Jackson's house in L.A., King Arthur's castle, an #$AircraftHangar at O'Hare, a #$Lighthouse in the Mediterranean sea, the #$SydneyOperaHouse, the #$WashingtonMonumentInWashingtonDC, etc.") ;;; #$BuildingMaterial (#$isa #$BuildingMaterial #$ConventionalClassificationType) (#$isa #$BuildingMaterial #$ProductType) (#$genls #$BuildingMaterial #$Artifact) (#$comment #$BuildingMaterial "A collection of tangible things. An instance of #$BuildingMaterial is a material thing typically used in making new structures. Instances of #$BuildingMaterial include a piece of lumber, a brick, a slab of concrete, a roof shingle, a copper nail, a double-paned storm window, etc.") ;;; #$Bus-RoadVehicle (#$isa #$Bus-RoadVehicle #$ProductType) (#$isa #$Bus-RoadVehicle #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$Bus-RoadVehicle #$RoadVehicle) (#$comment #$Bus-RoadVehicle "The collection of all buses, transport vehicles for ground transportation of many (they have room for at least 10, probably fewer than 60) people. A bus usually is driven by a professional bus driver.") ;;; #$Bush (#$isa #$Bush #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$Bush #$Plant-Woody) (#$comment #$Bush "A collection of plants; a subset of #$Plant-Woody. The collection #$Bush includes all bushes, i.e., woody plants of branching growth habit that lack substantial trunks and are not usually taller than a person (and they are shorter than most specimens of #$Tree-ThePlant). This is a commonsense collection without distinct boundaries.") ;;; #$Business (#$isa #$Business #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$Business #$CommercialOrganization) (#$comment #$Business "The collection of #$Organizations intended to make profits, i.e., make money for agents that own them. All #$Businesses are #$CommercialOrganizations (they must buy or sell something), but not all #$CommercialOrganizations are #$Businesses. In a franchise #$Organization, the #$parentCompany is regarded as a #$Business, while the #$subOrganizations are merely instances of #$CommercialOrganization. #$Businesses are typically #$LegalAgents, while #$CommercialOrganizations need not be.") ;;; #$BusinessEvent (#$isa #$BusinessEvent #$TemporalObjectType) (#$isa #$BusinessEvent #$DefaultDisjointScriptType) (#$genls #$BusinessEvent #$CompositePhysicalAndMentalEvent) (#$comment #$BusinessEvent "A collection of events. Each element of #$BusinessEvent is an intentional occurrence that is closely associated with, and either helps or hinders, the business purpose of some agent. Examples include: the development of General Motors' business plan for 1996; an individual sales call on a particular customer; printing the 1996 Yellow Pages directory for the Austin, TX, area; selling a newspaper; designing and manufacturing a new memory chip. #$BusinessEvent does NOT include purely social or recreational occurrences.") ;;; #$BusinessPerson (#$isa #$BusinessPerson #$OccupationType) (#$genls #$BusinessPerson #$Professional) (#$comment #$BusinessPerson "A collection of persons; a subset of #$Professional. Each element of #$BusinessPerson is a person whose occupation is primarily in the ownership and/or operation of a business.") ;;; #$BusinessRelationshipActivity (#$isa #$BusinessRelationshipActivity #$ScriptType) (#$isa #$BusinessRelationshipActivity #$TemporalStuffType) (#$genls #$BusinessRelationshipActivity #$SocialOccurrence) (#$genls #$BusinessRelationshipActivity #$BusinessEvent) (#$comment #$BusinessRelationshipActivity "A collection of events; a subset of both #$BusinessEvent and #$SocialOccurrence. Each instance of #$BusinessRelationshipActivity is a (usually long-term) social activity whose participants are related by some business relationship. The social events constituting a #$BusinessRelationshipActivity further, either directly or indirectly, the (usually mutual) business interests of the participants. A #$BusinessRelationshipActivity is typically carried out over multiple social occasions and may consist of many #$subEvents.") ;;; #$Buying (#$isa #$Buying #$DefaultDisjointScriptType) (#$isa #$Buying #$TemporalObjectType) (#$genls #$Buying #$BuyingActivity) (#$genls #$Buying #$MonetaryExchangeOfUserRights) (#$comment #$Buying "A collection of events. Each element of #$Buying is an event in which an agent voluntarily pays to acquire something tangible or intangible, or for the performance of a service. Payment may be in money or other exchange of wealth. Elements of #$Buying may include #$subEvents of negotiation, the act of paying, and the transfer of the purchased thing to the buyer. Examples of #$Buying include: purchasing fighter jets for the Navy; buying a Pepsi from a vending machine; ordering dinner at a restaurant; acquiring a personal life insurance policy for oneself; mail-ordering clothes from Sears; shopping at a farmers' market.") ;;; #$BuyingActivity (#$isa #$BuyingActivity #$TemporalObjectType) (#$isa #$BuyingActivity #$DefaultDisjointScriptType) (#$genls #$BuyingActivity #$CommercialActivity) (#$comment #$BuyingActivity "A collection of events. #$BuyingActivity very generally includes events related to purchasing goods or services. Each element of #$BuyingActivity is an event that is either (i) a common prelude to buying (i.e., the kinds of activities that contribute to their doers becoming buyers), or (ii) an element of #$Buying itself. Examples of #$BuyingActivity include shopping for, or ordering, something very specific, and also general expressions of interest in purchasing something, such as placing an `Item Wanted' ad in a newspaper.") ;;; #$CGSUnitOfMeasure (#$isa #$CGSUnitOfMeasure #$RelationType) (#$genls #$CGSUnitOfMeasure #$UnitOfMeasure) (#$comment #$CGSUnitOfMeasure "A subset of #$UnitOfMeasure. #$CGSUnitOfMeasure is the collection of all the measurement functions whose results use the CGS (i.e., centimeter-gram-second) system of measure to describe physical quantities. Examples: #$CentimetersPerSecond, #$CubicCentimeter, #$Gram, #$SecondsDuration.") ;;; #$CalendarAutumn (#$isa #$CalendarAutumn #$CalendarSeasonType) (#$genls #$CalendarAutumn #$CalendarSeason) (#$comment #$CalendarAutumn "The calendar season that begins at autumnal equinox and runs until winter solstice.") ;;; #$CalendarCentury (#$isa #$CalendarCentury #$CalendarCoveringType) (#$genls #$CalendarCentury #$TimeInterval) (#$comment #$CalendarCentury "The collection of centuries that make up the calendar (1900's, 1700's etc.) An example of such a constant in Cyc is #$TheNineteenthCenturyAD ") ;;; #$CalendarCoveringType (#$isa #$CalendarCoveringType #$SiblingDisjointCollection) (#$genls #$CalendarCoveringType #$TemporalObjectType) (#$comment #$CalendarCoveringType "#$CalendarCoveringType is a collection of collections. An element ?CC of #$CalendarCoveringType is itself a collection, a type of time interval, such that the union of all the instances of ?CC would completely cover all of time without overlap. Thus, #$CalendarYear is a #$CalendarCoveringType because all of time consists of a sequence of non-overlapping #$CalendarYears. Similarly #$CalendarMonth, #$CalendarDay, #$CalendarHour, etc. Notice that #$Monday and #$December are NOT instances of #$CalendarCoveringType, because all of time is not a sequence of Mondays, or Decembers. Also notice that a collection Week -- defined as the set of all seven-day-long-periods-of-time -- would not be an instance of #$CalendarCoveringType, since several different Weeks could overlap; e.g., the week beginning today and the week beginning yesterday and the week beginning tomorrow.") ;;; #$CalendarDay (#$isa #$CalendarDay #$Collection) (#$isa #$CalendarDay #$ScriptType) (#$isa #$CalendarDay #$CalendarCoveringType) (#$genls #$CalendarDay #$Date) (#$comment #$CalendarDay "The collection of days that make up the calendar. This is a collection of disjoint but contiguous time intervals. One of its elements is Thursday, August 1, 1996.") ;;; #$CalendarDecade (#$isa #$CalendarDecade #$CalendarCoveringType) (#$genls #$CalendarDecade #$TimeInterval) (#$comment #$CalendarDecade "The collection of decades that make up the calendar; e.g., #$The1970s.") ;;; #$CalendarHalfCentury (#$isa #$CalendarHalfCentury #$CalendarCoveringType) (#$genls #$CalendarHalfCentury #$TimeInterval) (#$comment #$CalendarHalfCentury "The collection of exact half-centuries on the calendar, such as #$FirstHalfOf20thCenturyCE") ;;; #$CalendarHour (#$isa #$CalendarHour #$Collection) (#$isa #$CalendarHour #$CalendarCoveringType) (#$genls #$CalendarHour #$Date) (#$genls #$CalendarHour #$TimeOfDay) (#$comment #$CalendarHour "The collection of hours that make up the calendar. These are contiguous and disjoint time intervals, except of course for particular instances that represent exactly the same 60-minute-long time interval. See #$CalendarDay.") ;;; #$CalendarMinute (#$isa #$CalendarMinute #$Collection) (#$isa #$CalendarMinute #$CalendarCoveringType) (#$genls #$CalendarMinute #$Date) (#$comment #$CalendarMinute "The collection of minutes that make up the calendar. These are contiguous and disjoint time intervals, except of course for particular instances that represent exactly the same 60-second-long time interval. See #$CalendarDay. Sixty of these partition each #$CalendarHour") ;;; #$CalendarMonth (#$isa #$CalendarMonth #$Collection) (#$isa #$CalendarMonth #$CalendarCoveringType) (#$genls #$CalendarMonth #$Date) (#$comment #$CalendarMonth "The collection of months that make up the calendar. This is a collection of disjoint but contiguous time intervals. One of its subsets is #$February, which is the set of all Februaries; one of its elements is February 1992 (#$MonthFn #$February (#$YearFn 1992)), a particular time interval.") ;;; #$CalendarQuarter (#$isa #$CalendarQuarter #$Collection) (#$isa #$CalendarQuarter #$CalendarCoveringType) (#$genls #$CalendarQuarter #$Date) (#$comment #$CalendarQuarter "The collection of calendar quarters that divide up a calendar year into four parts. For each year, the first of its four quarters includes January, February, and March; the second includes April, May, and June, and so on.") ;;; #$CalendarSeason (#$isa #$CalendarSeason #$CalendarCoveringType) (#$genls #$CalendarSeason #$TimeInterval) (#$comment #$CalendarSeason "This is the set of all calendar seasons. Four of its largest subsets are #$CalendarWinter, #$CalendarSpring, #$CalendarSummer, and #$CalendarAutumn") ;;; #$CalendarSeasonType (#$isa #$CalendarSeasonType #$CyclicalIntervalGroupType) (#$genls #$CalendarSeasonType #$AnnualEventType) (#$genls #$CalendarSeasonType #$TemporallyDisjointIntervalType) (#$comment #$CalendarSeasonType "This is the collection whose four elements are #$CalendarWinter, #$CalendarSpring, #$CalendarSummer, and #$CalendarAutumn.") ;;; #$CalendarSecond (#$isa #$CalendarSecond #$Collection) (#$isa #$CalendarSecond #$CalendarCoveringType) (#$genls #$CalendarSecond #$Date) (#$comment #$CalendarSecond "The collection of seconds that make up the calendar. Sixty of these #$TimeIntervals contiguously divide up each #$CalendarMinute (qv)") ;;; #$CalendarSpring (#$isa #$CalendarSpring #$CalendarSeasonType) (#$genls #$CalendarSpring #$CalendarSeason) (#$comment #$CalendarSpring "The calendar season that begins at vernal equinox and runs until summer solstice.") ;;; #$CalendarSummer (#$isa #$CalendarSummer #$CalendarSeasonType) (#$genls #$CalendarSummer #$CalendarSeason) (#$comment #$CalendarSummer "The calendar season that begins at summer solstice and runs until autumnal equinox.") ;;; #$CalendarWeek (#$isa #$CalendarWeek #$CalendarCoveringType) (#$genls #$CalendarWeek #$Date) (#$comment #$CalendarWeek "The collection of weeks that make up the calendar. This is a collection of disjoint but contiguous time intervals. One of its elements is WeekOf2-14-1994.") ;;; #$CalendarWinter (#$isa #$CalendarWinter #$CalendarSeasonType) (#$genls #$CalendarWinter #$CalendarSeason) (#$comment #$CalendarWinter "The calendar season that begins at winter solstice and runs until vernal equinox.") ;;; #$CalendarYear (#$isa #$CalendarYear #$Collection) (#$isa #$CalendarYear #$CalendarCoveringType) (#$genls #$CalendarYear #$Date) (#$comment #$CalendarYear "The collection of years that make up the calendar. For example, #$TheYear1972, #$TheYear494BC.") ;;; #$Calm (#$isa #$Calm #$FeelingAttributeType) (#$genls #$Calm #$Relaxed-Emotion) (#$comment #$Calm "A feeling of calmness or serenity, being quiet and free from disturbance. This is a #$Collection --- for an explanation of that, see #$Happiness. A related #$FeelingAttributeType is #$Calm.") ;;; #$Canal (#$isa #$Canal #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$Canal #$Stream) (#$genls #$Canal #$Path-Simple) (#$genls #$Canal #$PathArtifact) (#$comment #$Canal "The collection of all canals, artificial waterways created to be paths for boats, or for irrigation (e.g., the #$PanamaCanal).") ;;; #$Cancer (#$isa #$Cancer #$PhysiologicalConditionType) (#$genls #$Cancer #$TerminalPhysiologicalCondition) (#$genls #$Cancer #$AilmentCondition) (#$comment #$Cancer "The collection of all particular cases of cancer. Instances of #$Cancer may belong to any one of the many different types of disease that are studied and treated by oncologists. Cancer is characterized by abnormal (and usually rapid) growth of cells in some organ or system of the body; these growths are then prone to dispersal (metastesis) into other body regions. See also #$CancerFn --- the expression (#$CancerFn #$Lung) represents a subset of #$Cancer, namely the set of all lung cancers.") ;;; #$CancerFn (#$isa #$CancerFn #$CollectionDenotingFunction) (#$resultIsa #$CancerFn #$PhysiologicalConditionType) (#$resultGenl #$CancerFn #$Cancer) (#$arg1Isa #$CancerFn #$ExistingObjectType) (#$arg1Genl #$CancerFn #$AnimalBodyPart) (#$comment #$CancerFn "#$CancerFn is a Cyc function, and in particular a #$CollectionDenotingFunction. It is used to describe cancers according to the part or region of the animal's body in which they are found. (#$CancerFn REGION) denotes the collection of all cancers found in the region of the body, REGION. For example, (#$CancerFn #$Throat) represents the set of all throat cancers, and is a subset of #$Cancer.") ;;; #$Canoe (#$isa #$Canoe #$ProductType) (#$isa #$Canoe #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$Canoe #$Boat-WaterTransportationDevice) (#$genls #$Canoe #$Device-UserPowered) (#$comment #$Canoe "The collection of all canoes, small, narrow watercraft that are powered by human paddling, poling or by a small boat-engine.") ;;; #$CapacityAttribute (#$isa #$CapacityAttribute #$UnorderedAttributeType) (#$genls #$CapacityAttribute #$AttributeValue) (#$comment #$CapacityAttribute "A collection of attributes. Each element of #$CapacityAttribute is an attribute representing a specific capacity in which an agent does an action. For example, an action might be done as an agent's job (#$JobCapacity) or hobby (#$HobbyCapacity), as its main function (#$MainFunction) or an auxiliary function (#$SupportFunction).") ;;; #$CapitalCityOfRegion (#$isa #$CapitalCityOfRegion #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$CapitalCityOfRegion #$City) (#$comment #$CapitalCityOfRegion "A collection of cities. Each element of #$CapitalCityOfRegion is an element of #$City (q.v.) that is the capital of its surrounding region. This includes both capitals of countries and capitals of subregions. Examples: #$CityOfRomeItaly, #$CityOfCardiffWales, #$CityOfAustinTX, #$CityOfAbidjanIvoryCoast, #$CityOfLlasaTibet, #$CityOfColumbusOH (#$FranklinCountyOhio). See also #$capitalCity, #$capitalCityOfThisState.") ;;; #$CaptiveAnimal (#$isa #$CaptiveAnimal #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$CaptiveAnimal #$Animal) (#$comment #$CaptiveAnimal "The collection of all animals that are caged, tied, kept in an animal container, or otherwise held captive. There is some intersection here with #$DomesticPet, but not complete. Some elements of #$Person are members of #$CaptiveAnimal, e.g., political detainees, imprisoned criminals, kidnap victims.") ;;; #$Card (#$isa #$Card #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$Card #$HardcopyInformationBearingObject) (#$comment #$Card "A collection of objects; a subset of #$HardcopyInformationBearingObject. Each element of #$Card is a small, sturdy sheet of stuff--usually cardstock paper, but could be plastic or thin metal--bearing some kind of information. Some kinds are folded. Examples: birthday cards, business cards, playing cards, postcards.") ;;; #$CargoShip (#$isa #$CargoShip #$ProductType) (#$isa #$CargoShip #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$CargoShip #$Ship) (#$comment #$CargoShip "The collection of all cargo ships, i.e., ships that by design can transport large amount of goods.") ;;; #$Carnivore (#$isa #$Carnivore #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$Carnivore #$Organism-Whole) (#$comment #$Carnivore "A #$Collection of organisms classified by their typical source of food. Elements of #$Carnivore feed on animals. Note: #$Carnivore is not an instance of #$BiologicalTaxon; e.g., #$Carnivore contains #$Dog as a subset but is not its biological taxon. Note that a #$Carnivore is not necessarily a #$Heterotroph, as carnivorous plants both digest insects and produce food using #$Chlorophyll.") ;;; #$CausingAnotherObjectsTranslationalMotion (#$isa #$CausingAnotherObjectsTranslationalMotion #$TemporalObjectType) (#$isa #$CausingAnotherObjectsTranslationalMotion #$ScriptType) (#$genls #$CausingAnotherObjectsTranslationalMotion #$ActionOnObject) (#$genls #$CausingAnotherObjectsTranslationalMotion #$Translation-Complete) (#$genls #$CausingAnotherObjectsTranslationalMotion #$Translation-LocationChange) (#$comment #$CausingAnotherObjectsTranslationalMotion "A collection of events. In an instance of #$CausingAnotherObjectsTranslationalMotion, one object causes another object to undergo a translational motion. The object causing the motion is the #$providerOfMotiveForce. The object which is caused to move is the #$objectActedOn (and also the #$objectMoving) in the event. One way to cause another object's motion is by carrying it along with one (see the subset #$CarryingWhileLocomoting), but there are many others, such as throwing, kicking, or knocking it away. Examples: a train transporting passengers; a person pushing a coin into a vending machine; the release of a bowstring which propels an arrow; a magnet attracting a nail.") ;;; #$Cavity (#$isa #$Cavity #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$Cavity #$PartiallyTangible) (#$comment #$Cavity "The collection of all cavities, #$Crevices or deep concavities or holes, including any cavity of a container, e.g., the interior of a box. Elements of #$Cavity, unlike elements of #$Interior, may include walls as parts.") ;;; #$CeilingOfARoom (#$isa #$CeilingOfARoom #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$CeilingOfARoom #$PartOfBuilding) (#$comment #$CeilingOfARoom "The collection of all ceilings of every instance of #$RoomInAConstruction. Note that, unlike walls, ceilings are conventionally considered to be 'one-sided' objects. The other side of a #$CeilingOfARoom may be a #$RoofOfAConstruction, or in a #$ModernShelterConstruction, more probably the #$FloorInAConstruction in another room.") ;;; #$Cell (#$isa #$Cell #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$Cell #$BiologicalLivingObject) (#$comment #$Cell "The collection of living cells; a subset of #$BiologicalLivingObject. Each element of #$Cell is one of the basic structural units of nearly all living things, consisting (at least) of cytoplasm bounded by a cell membrane. Only the living structures viruses, mitochondria, and plastids are not composed of cells.") ;;; #$CellPart (#$isa #$CellPart #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$CellPart #$BiologicalLivingObject) (#$genls #$CellPart #$MicroscopicScaleObject) (#$comment #$CellPart "The collection of structures which are typically found and formed as parts of #$Cells. This covers components of both #$EukaryoticCells and #$ProkaryoticCells. It includes organelles, vesicles, cell walls, extracellular matrix, plasma membranes, receptors, cellular humours, microtubules, etc.") ;;; #$Cent-UnitedStates (#$isa #$Cent-UnitedStates #$UnitOfMoney) (#$isa #$Cent-UnitedStates #$UnitOfMeasureWithPrefix) (#$resultIsa #$Cent-UnitedStates #$Money) (#$resultIsa #$Cent-UnitedStates #$ScalarInterval) (#$argsIsa #$Cent-UnitedStates #$CycSystemRealNumber) (#$comment #$Cent-UnitedStates "An element of #$UnitOfMoney. #$Cent-UnitedStates represents the smallest unit of money used officially in the United States of America; one-hundredth of a #$Dollar-UnitedStates. See also #$UnitOfMeasure.") ;;; #$Centimeter (#$isa #$Centimeter #$UnitOfDistance) (#$isa #$Centimeter #$UnitOfMeasureWithPrefix) (#$isa #$Centimeter #$CGSUnitOfMeasure) (#$resultIsa #$Centimeter #$Distance) (#$resultIsa #$Centimeter #$ScalarInterval) (#$argsIsa #$Centimeter #$CycSystemRealNumber) (#$comment #$Centimeter "The measurement function used in Cyc to represent the centimeter, a unit used within the Metric system to measure length. See also #$CGSUnitOfMeasure, #$UnitOfMeasure.") ;;; #$CentimetersPerSecond (#$isa #$CentimetersPerSecond #$UnitOfSpeed) (#$isa #$CentimetersPerSecond #$UnitOfMeasureWithPrefix) (#$isa #$CentimetersPerSecond #$CGSUnitOfMeasure) (#$resultIsa #$CentimetersPerSecond #$ScalarInterval) (#$resultIsa #$CentimetersPerSecond #$Speed) (#$resultIsa #$CentimetersPerSecond #$VectorInterval) (#$argsIsa #$CentimetersPerSecond #$CycSystemRealNumber) (#$comment #$CentimetersPerSecond "(#$CentimetersPerSecond NUMBER) returns a dimensionless rate or speed of NUMBER centimeters per second. Notice that this result is not presently thought of as incorporating a vector, although it might be modified to do so at some point in the future if this should prove appropriate.") ;;; #$CerealFoodGroup (#$isa #$CerealFoodGroup #$FoodGroupType) (#$genls #$CerealFoodGroup #$FoodOrDrinkComposite) (#$genls #$CerealFoodGroup #$VegetableMatter) (#$genls #$CerealFoodGroup #$EdibleStuff) (#$comment #$CerealFoodGroup "The food group consisting of grain products such as breads and cereals. Food that contains a significant amount of grain products should be specs of this.") ;;; #$CerealPlant (#$isa #$CerealPlant #$OrganismClassificationType) (#$genls #$CerealPlant #$Plant-NonWoody) (#$comment #$CerealPlant "The collection of individual plants like corn, wheat, etc., which bear grains.") ;;; #$ChainOrganization (#$isa #$ChainOrganization #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$ChainOrganization #$Business) (#$genls #$ChainOrganization #$LegalCorporation) (#$comment #$ChainOrganization "A collection of organizations. An element of #$ChainOrganization is a parent business which comes into contact with its customers or clients primarily through its geographically dispersed sub-organizations, which typically are (mostly) homogeneous in product line, style of physical quarters, local organizational structure, etc. Examples include the parent organizations of McDonald's and Midas Muffler.") ;;; #$ChangeInUserRights (#$isa #$ChangeInUserRights #$ScriptType) (#$genls #$ChangeInUserRights #$GeneralizedTransfer) (#$comment #$ChangeInUserRights "A collection of events. Each element of #$ChangeInUserRights is an event in which some instance of #$Agent either gains or loses possession of something. `Possession' means having some right to use a thing that one has in hand or otherwise has access to. Different types of possession (e.g., ownership, rental, borrowings) can be specified by the using the appropriate element(s) of #$UserRightsAttribute (q.v.). Changes in an agent's user rights can come about in various ways: through buying and selling, renting, borrowing or lending, giving, repossession, etc. Some subsets of this kind of change are #$LosingUserRights, #$GainingUserRights, and #$ExchangeOfUserRights; in the latter class, there is an alteration in the rights of two (or more) agents to use two (or more) items -- as in a purchase, when one agent gets full use rights to an object by turning over a sum of money to the object's previous owner. In addition, some changes in user rights are classified explicitly in #$TemporaryChangeOfUserRights (e.g., borrowing, renting), while others are permanent. Events that involve such changes in user rights all belong in the collection of events, #$ChangeInUserRights. In any particular #$ChangeInUserRights event, the item which is changing hands is identified as the #$objectOfPossessionTransfer.") ;;; #$ChangingDeviceState (#$isa #$ChangingDeviceState #$DefaultDisjointScriptType) (#$isa #$ChangingDeviceState #$TemporalObjectType) (#$genls #$ChangingDeviceState #$IntrinsicStateChangeEvent) (#$genls #$ChangingDeviceState #$PhysicalEvent) (#$genls #$ChangingDeviceState #$Action) (#$comment #$ChangingDeviceState "The collection of actions in which a device goes from one state (the #$fromState) to another state (the #$toState). A change of #$DeviceState may be due to an outside #$Agent adjusting a device, or it may happen automatically due to the behavior of a device. The two most general state changes (for powered devices) are from #$DeviceOn to #$DeviceOff, and vice versa. Many other states peculiar to specific devices can be identified; for example, the states of a #$Dishwasher: #$DeviceState-Washing and #$DeviceState-Rinsing; or the states that a trapping device may be in: #$TrapArmed, #$TrapTripped, #$TrapIdle. Note that a change in the state of a device is an intrinsic change in the device; i.e., #$ChangingDeviceState is a subset of #$IntrinsicStateChangeEvent.") ;;; #$CharacterString (#$isa #$CharacterString #$StuffType) (#$genls #$CharacterString #$AbstractInformation) (#$genls #$CharacterString #$IntangibleIndividual) (#$genls #$CharacterString #$List-Sequence) (#$comment #$CharacterString "A collection of stuff. Each element of the collection #$CharacterString is a string of characters or an abstract sequence of symbols. Note: it is NOT any particular physical, tangible representation; different encodings may represent the characters. An element of #$CharacterString has characters from some fixed character set. The characters are instances of #$Character-Abstract. An element of #$CharacterString may be any length, including zero (i.e., empty strings, which have no characters). If elements of #$CharacterString are concatenated, the result is also an element of #$CharacterString. The length of the resulting string is equal to the sum of the lengths of the concatenated strings. Some types (subsets) of #$CharacterString include #$EMailAddress, #$AreaCode, #$PhoneNumber, #$PhoneCountryCode, etc.") ;;; #$Check-TenderObject (#$isa #$Check-TenderObject #$MoneyTenderType) (#$genls #$Check-TenderObject #$TenderObject) (#$genls #$Check-TenderObject #$Form-StandardizedIBO) (#$genls #$Check-TenderObject #$IDDocument) (#$genls #$Check-TenderObject #$OfficialDocument) (#$genls #$Check-TenderObject #$FinancialAccountTenderObject) (#$comment #$Check-TenderObject "A collection of documents; a subset of #$TenderObject. Each element of #$Check-TenderObject is a financial instrument, drawn on a particular account at some instance of #$FinancialOrganization, which is redeemable for a monetary value by the agent who is the payee. The financial organization pays the payee funds from the account, upon proper presentation of the check.") ;;; #$ChemicalCompoundType (#$isa #$ChemicalCompoundType #$SiblingDisjointCollection) (#$genls #$ChemicalCompoundType #$TangibleStuffCompositionType) (#$comment #$ChemicalCompoundType "A collection of collections; a subset of #$TangibleStuffCompositionType. Every instance of #$ChemicalCompoundType is a subset of #$TangibleThing whose instances are defined ONLY by their chemical composition, and not by their physical state or any other property. In Cyc's current representation, #$ChemicalCompoundTypes can be of two varieties: (1) Collections whose instances are completely uniform with each other in terms of chemical composition; this includes (a) the chemical elements -- such as #$Carbon, #$Oxygen, and #$Hydrogen -- which are instances of #$ElementStuffTypeByNumberOfProtons (thus, the latter is a subset of #$ChemicalCompoundType), and (b) compounds constituted of more than one substance chemically bonded, e.g., #$Water, #$Caffeine, and #$IronOxide. (2) Substances which have a general chemical specification, that is, whose instances do not have exactly the same chemical composition but fall within certain specifications, e.g., #$DNA. Cyc's current theory includes those cases in #$ChemicalCompoundType, though they are arguably borderline. (Future work may require the creation of type collections to identify various levels of chemical specification, such as `exact formula' or `exact structure'.) Note: Collections which Cyc does NOT classify as #$ChemicalCompoundTypes include collections of substances which have some component which is of overriding significance in some context, so that in everyday language such substances are frequently referred to by the name of their important component (e.g., `penicillin' applied to a tablet containing penicillin), but which have significant admixtures of other substances. Our representation distinguishes between the chemical compound (here, instances of #$Penicillin) and the mixture of substances in a tablet containing some #$Penicillin for pharmaceutical use. Thus, #$Penicillin is an instance of #$ChemicalCompoundType, but the collection of tablets containing penicillin and including other ingredients are not. Also, subsets of #$Mixture, such as #$Lemonade, are not instances of #$ChemicalCompoundType, because mixtures are determined by their physical state rather than solely by their chemical composition.") ;;; #$ChemicalObject (#$isa #$ChemicalObject #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$ChemicalObject #$MicroscopicScaleObject) (#$comment #$ChemicalObject "A collection of objects; a subset of #$MicroscopicScaleObject. Each instance of #$ChemicalObject is an object whose behavior is typically described in terms of its outer cloud of #$Electrons. Subsets of #$ChemicalObject include the collections #$Atom and #$Molecule and #$Ion, the set of chemical radicals, and the set of molecular fragments.") ;;; #$ChemicalReaction (#$isa #$ChemicalReaction #$TemporalObjectType) (#$isa #$ChemicalReaction #$DefaultDisjointScriptType) (#$genls #$ChemicalReaction #$TransformationEvent) (#$comment #$ChemicalReaction "A collection of events; a subset of #$TransformationEvent. Each instance of #$ChemicalReaction is an event in which two or more substances undergo a chemical change, i.e., some portions of the substances involved are transformed into different #$ChemicalCompoundTypes. The transformations are brought about by purely chemical (including biochemical) means which affect chemical bonds between atoms in the molecules of stuff, rather than by physical means, biological means, or purposeful planning, etc. Examples of #$ChemicalReaction: instances of #$CombustionProcess; instances of #$Photosynthesis.") ;;; #$Chest-BodyPart (#$isa #$Chest-BodyPart #$UniqueAnatomicalPartType) (#$isa #$Chest-BodyPart #$AnimalBodyPartType) (#$genls #$Chest-BodyPart #$BiologicalLivingObject) (#$genls #$Chest-BodyPart #$AnimalBodyPart) (#$comment #$Chest-BodyPart "The collection of the chests of #$Animals. The animal's chest is its #$AnimalBodyPart region located between its neck and its abdomen. For people and many other types of animals, the chest is bounded by (defined by, given shape by) the animal's ribcage.") ;;; #$ChordataPhylum (#$isa #$ChordataPhylum #$BiologicalPhylum) (#$comment #$ChordataPhylum "An instance of #$BiologicalPhylum within the #$BiologicalKingdom #$Animal, the #$ChordataPhylum contains the many chordate taxa. All have members who have a notochord (a flexible rod running the length of the body) at some stage of development and pharyngeal gills at some stage of development. The #$ChordataPhylum has as #$taxonMembers all the subsets of #$Vertebrate (including #$Person), as well as some non-vertebrate chordates like Amphioxus.") ;;; #$ChronicCondition (#$isa #$ChronicCondition #$PhysiologicalConditionType) (#$genls #$ChronicCondition #$PhysiologicalCondition) (#$comment #$ChronicCondition "A collection of ailments. An instance of #$ChronicCondition is an ailment that lingers or recurs in an organism throughout its life. In some cases, the symptoms of a chronic condition may abate with treatment. The condition may never go away completely. #$Asthma is a subset of #$ChronicCondition.") ;;; #$CirculatorySystem (#$isa #$CirculatorySystem #$AnimalBodyPartType) (#$genls #$CirculatorySystem #$StaticSituation) (#$genls #$CirculatorySystem #$AnimalBodyPart) (#$comment #$CirculatorySystem "The collection of all animals' circulatory systems. A #$CirculatorySystem is a system of organs and body parts, found in #$Vertebrates and some other animals, which function together to circulate the animal's blood throughout its body, supplying needed substances to its cells and removing waste products from them. A #$CirculatorySystem is generally composed of #$BloodVessels, #$Heart, #$Spleen, etc., considered as an interrelated functional system of each animal. Note: It generally has a close linkage to the respiration system, as the blood comes in contact with fresh air to divest itself of the waste products it has collected from the body's cells and to acquire new needed substances to take to the body's cells.") ;;; #$City (#$isa #$City #$SpatiallyDisjointRegionType) (#$genls #$City #$GeopoliticalEntity) (#$genls #$City #$UrbanArea) (#$comment #$City "A collection of geopolitical entities. An element of #$City is a local human settlement which has its own government. This includes cities, towns, suburbs, villages, hamlets, and townships, as long as they have their own governments. A city government is usually mostly autonomous from the governments of its surrounding regions, rather than being a sub-organization of them.") ;;; #$CityOfBandarAbbasIran (#$isa #$CityOfBandarAbbasIran #$City) (#$isa #$CityOfBandarAbbasIran #$Entity) (#$comment #$CityOfBandarAbbasIran "Bandar Abbas (Bandar-e-'Abbas), a city in #$Iran on the north coast of the #$PersianGulf, near the #$StraitOfHormuz. One of the #$chiefPorts of the country of #$Iran.") ;;; #$CityOfWashingtonDC (#$isa #$CityOfWashingtonDC #$CapitalCityOfRegion) (#$isa #$CityOfWashingtonDC #$CountrySubsidiary) (#$isa #$CityOfWashingtonDC #$Entity) (#$isa #$CityOfWashingtonDC #$USCity) (#$comment #$CityOfWashingtonDC "The present (though not the original) capital city of the #$UnitedStatesOfAmerica, seat of its Federal government, which is located in the specially created Federal district between the States of Maryland and Virginia.") ;;; #$Cleaning (#$isa #$Cleaning #$TemporalStuffType) (#$isa #$Cleaning #$DefaultDisjointScriptType) (#$genls #$Cleaning #$RemovingSomething) (#$genls #$Cleaning #$IntrinsicStateChangeEvent) (#$genls #$Cleaning #$HumanActivity) (#$genls #$Cleaning #$PurposefulAction) (#$comment #$Cleaning "A collection of events. In each #$Cleaning event, dirt (or other unwanted substances) is removed from the #$objectOfStateChange of that event. If a #$Cleaning event is successful, then the #$Dirtiness level of the object will have been lowered.") ;;; #$CleaningDevice (#$isa #$CleaningDevice #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$CleaningDevice #$SolidTangibleProduct) (#$genls #$CleaningDevice #$PhysicalDevice) (#$comment #$CleaningDevice "A collection of devices. An instance of #$CleaningDevice is any device, manually powered or otherwise, whose #$primaryFunction is to be used in cleaning things. Instances include each #$Mop, each #$RegularWindshieldWiper, each #$FacialTissue, each #$ShoeBrush, each #$ClothesWasher, each #$Dishwasher, etc.") ;;; #$CleaningImplement (#$isa #$CleaningImplement #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$CleaningImplement #$CleaningDevice) (#$genls #$CleaningImplement #$HandTool) (#$comment #$CleaningImplement "A collection of tools; a subset of #$HandTool and also of #$CleaningDevice. An instance of #$CleaningImplement is any hand-held tool used for cleaning something. Cleaning implements are used in a wide variety of activities and settings; some subsets include the collections #$Mop, #$DentalPick, #$ElectricToothBrush, #$WashCloth, #$FacialTissue, #$ShoeBrush. Many cleaning implements are intended for wiping, scrubbing, or polishing surfaces to remove patches of #$Dirt.") ;;; #$ClimateCycleType (#$isa #$ClimateCycleType #$SiblingDisjointCollection) (#$genls #$ClimateCycleType #$ScriptType) (#$genls #$ClimateCycleType #$TemporalObjectType) (#$comment #$ClimateCycleType "A collection of collections. Each element of #$ClimateCycleType is a collection of (extended) events which are weather processes of one type or another. Examples of elements of #$ClimateCycleType are #$TemperateClimateCycle and #$SteppeClimateCycle. Note: in practice, there is little need to create terms denoting members of the collections belonging to #$ClimateCycleType; so long as one just wants to state what TYPE of climate a particular region has, simply use the predicate #$hasClimateType with the appropriate subset of #$AnnualClimateCycle (q.v.). See also #$hasClimateType.") ;;; #$Cloth (#$isa #$Cloth #$ExistingStuffType) (#$isa #$Cloth #$ProductType) (#$genls #$Cloth #$SolidTangibleThing) (#$genls #$Cloth #$TextileProduct) (#$genls #$Cloth #$FreeSheet) (#$genls #$Cloth #$SheetOfSomeStuff) (#$comment #$Cloth "A collection of tangible things. Each element of #$Cloth is a piece of textile sheet woven or knitted or pressed out of fibers. Pieces of #$Cloth are commonly used as material inputs to the manufacture of clothing items, towels, sails for sailing craft, parachutes, draperies, etc. Excludes #$Leather (q.v.).") ;;; #$ClothingAccessory (#$isa #$ClothingAccessory #$ProductType) (#$isa #$ClothingAccessory #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$ClothingAccessory #$ClothingItem) (#$comment #$ClothingAccessory "A collection of tangible objects. Each element of #$ClothingAccessory is something that is worn as an accessory with other clothing items. Examples include elements of the collections #$Jewelry, #$Scarf, #$NeckTie, #$Belt-Clothing, #$Suspenders, and suchlike.") ;;; #$ClothingItem (#$isa #$ClothingItem #$ProductType) (#$isa #$ClothingItem #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$ClothingItem #$SheetOfSomeStuff) (#$genls #$ClothingItem #$SomethingToWear) (#$comment #$ClothingItem "A collection of tangible objects. Each element of #$ClothingItem is something that a person wears as a protective and/or decorative covering or ornament. Items of clothing are usually made of flexible materials, such as cloth, leather, or yarn. The collection #$ClothingItem contains primarily individual garments (e.g., elements of the collections #$Pants, #$Shirt, #$Coat, #$Shoe), together with pairs of shoes, socks, and gloves (since each wearer needs a pair). Jewelry, suspenders, belts, etc., are in the subset #$ClothingAccessory. Note: outfits (esp. specialized outfits) made up of several individual items worn together belong to the collection #$ClothingOutfit, which is NOT a subset of #$ClothingItem but IS a subset of the broader collection, #$SomethingToWear.") ;;; #$ClothingOutfit (#$isa #$ClothingOutfit #$ExistingObjectType) (#$isa #$ClothingOutfit #$ProductType) (#$genls #$ClothingOutfit #$SheetOfSomeStuff) (#$genls #$ClothingOutfit #$SomethingToWear) (#$genls #$ClothingOutfit #$Group) (#$comment #$ClothingOutfit "A collection of objects. Every element of #$ClothingOutfit is a group of `coordinated' items that are intended to be worn together; e.g., an instance of #$ThreePieceSuit, consisting of one suit jacket, one vest, and one pair of long pants. Clothing outfits are often sold or provided together as a set; e.g., military uniforms, business suits, scuba gear. A clothing outfit may include some accessories, as well as garments. Cf. #$ClothingItem.") ;;; #$CloudInSky (#$isa #$CloudInSky #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$CloudInSky #$CloudOfH2O) (#$comment #$CloudInSky "The collection of clouds (instances of #$CloudOfH2O) in the sky over some #$GeographicalRegion (as opposed to being at ground-level).") ;;; #$CloudOfH2O (#$isa #$CloudOfH2O #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$CloudOfH2O #$Suspension) (#$comment #$CloudOfH2O "A cloud of particles of liquid or solid water in the atmosphere covering a #$GeographicalRegion.") ;;; #$Cloudiness (#$isa #$Cloudiness #$PrimitiveAttributeType) (#$genls #$Cloudiness #$WeatherAttribute) (#$genls #$Cloudiness #$PhysicalAttribute) (#$genls #$Cloudiness #$ScalarInterval) (#$comment #$Cloudiness "A collection of attributes; a subset of #$ScalarInterval. The elements of #$Cloudiness characterize the amount of cloud cover at an #$OutdoorLocation. A higher value indicates more clouds or more dense cover. Degrees of cloudiness may be represented qualitatively (e.g., #$PartialCloudCover, #$CompleteCloudCover), or using #$GenericValueFunctions. The cloudiness of a location can be described with the predicate #$cloudinessOfRegion.") ;;; #$Cloudless (#$isa #$Cloudless #$Cloudiness) (#$comment #$Cloudless "#$Cloudless is a #$WeatherAttribute representing a specific degree of #$Cloudiness. (#$cloudinessOfRegion LOC #$Cloudless) means that the #$OutdoorLocation LOC has no cloud cover.") ;;; #$Cloudy (#$isa #$Cloudy #$Cloudiness) (#$comment #$Cloudy "#$Cloudy is a #$WeatherAttribute that characterizes an #$OutdoorLocation which has at least some cloud cover -- this cloud cover not being situated at ground-level (in which case #$Foggy would be the applicable #$WeatherAttribute).") ;;; #$CodeOfConduct (#$isa #$CodeOfConduct #$ExistingObjectType) (#$isa #$CodeOfConduct #$MicrotheoryType) (#$genls #$CodeOfConduct #$SupposedToBeMicrotheory) (#$genls #$CodeOfConduct #$IntangibleExistingThing) (#$comment #$CodeOfConduct "A collection of microtheories; a subset of both #$Obligation and #$SupposedToBeMicrotheory. Each element of #$CodeOfConduct is a microtheory which contains rules and/or expectations governing the behavior of those agents subject to it in certain kinds of situations.") ;;; #$CohabitationUnit (#$isa #$CohabitationUnit #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$CohabitationUnit #$Organization) (#$comment #$CohabitationUnit "A collection of organizations. Each element of #$CohabitationUnit is a group of humans or other animals all living together in the same #$physicalQuarters at the same time, whether that be a house, nest, warren, or other dwelling -- loosely speaking, a household. As a default, the cohabitants in the group are assumed to be all of the same species. (See also the more specialized #$comments in #$HumanSocialLifeMt and #$NaiveBiologicalDescentMt.)") ;;; #$Cohesiveness (#$isa #$Cohesiveness #$PrimitiveAttributeType) (#$genls #$Cohesiveness #$ScalarInterval) (#$genls #$Cohesiveness #$PhysicalAttribute) (#$comment #$Cohesiveness "A collection of attributes; a subset of #$PhysicalAttribute. Each element of #$Cohesiveness represents a specific capacity of a physical object to cohere; e.g., #$RigidlyCohesive, #$LiquidCohesiveness, #$HumanlySeparable. Cohesiveness of objects is indicated with the predicate #$cohesivenessOfObject.") ;;; #$Collection (#$isa #$Collection #$SetOrCollection) (#$isa #$Collection #$Collection) (#$genls #$Collection #$SetOrCollection) (#$comment #$Collection "The collection of all Cyc collections. Cyc collections are natural kinds or classes, as opposed to mathematical sets; their elements have some common attribute(s). Each Cyc collection is like a set in so far as it may have elements, subsets, and supersets, and may not have parts or spatial or temporal properties. Sets, however, differ from collections in that a mathematical set may be an arbitrary set of things which have nothing in common (see #$Set-Mathematical). In contrast, the elements of a collection will all have in common some feature(s), some `intensional' qualities. In addition, two instances of #$Collection can be co-extensional (i.e., have all the same elements) without being identical, whereas if two arbitrary sets had the same elements, they would be considered equal. As with any Cyc constant, an instance of #$Collection should be created only if it is expected to have some purpose or utility. Moreover, the `best' collections to create are the ones which are impossible to define precisely, yet about which there are rules and other things to say. E.g., `WhiteCat' is not a good element of #$Collection to create, because it's easy to define with other Cyc concepts, and there's not much to say about the collection of white cats; but `WhiteCollarWorker' could be a good element of #$Collection, because it is hard to define exactly, yet there are many things to say about it.") ;;; #$CollectionDenotingFunction (#$isa #$CollectionDenotingFunction #$RelationType) (#$isa #$CollectionDenotingFunction #$Collection) (#$genls #$CollectionDenotingFunction #$ReifiableFunction) (#$comment #$CollectionDenotingFunction "The collection of all Cyc functions which return elements of #$Collection. Examples: #$SwimmingEventFn, #$PackageFn, #$MoleculeFn, all produce collections when applied to their proper arguments; e.g., (#$MoleculeFn #$Oxygen) returns the collection of all oxygen molecules. Note that (#$genls #$CollectionDenotingFunction #$ReifiableFunction). Cf. #$IndividualDenotingFunction.") ;;; #$CollectionEvent (#$isa #$CollectionEvent #$TemporalObjectType) (#$isa #$CollectionEvent #$DefaultDisjointScriptType) (#$genls #$CollectionEvent #$TransferIn) (#$comment #$CollectionEvent "A collection of events. Each element of #$CollectionEvent is an event in which tangible or intangible objects are collected from various sources to a single destination via some collection network.") ;;; #$Color (#$isa #$Color #$CompositeAttributeType) (#$genls #$Color #$PhysicalAttribute) (#$genls #$Color #$SensoryAttribute) (#$genls #$Color #$CompositeAttribute) (#$comment #$Color "A collection of attributes; a subset of both #$PhysicalAttribute and #$SensoryAttribute. Each element of #$Color represents a specific color attribute of some object or substance; e.g., #$GoldColor, #$LavenderColor, #$Auburn , #$Olive-FleshColor. Elements of #$Color are #$CompositeAttributes, since they can vary along several dimensions (e.g., hue, brightness). Indicate a particular object's #$Color with the predicate #$colorOfObject.") (#$synonymousExternalConcept #$Color #$SENSUS-Information1997 "COLOR") ;;; #$CombustionProcess (#$isa #$CombustionProcess #$TemporalStuffType) (#$isa #$CombustionProcess #$DefaultDisjointScriptType) (#$genls #$CombustionProcess #$DecompositionProcess) (#$genls #$CombustionProcess #$EnergyConversionProcess) (#$genls #$CombustionProcess #$CompositePhysicalAndMentalEvent) (#$comment #$CombustionProcess "A collection of events. Each #$CombustionProcess is an event in which rapid oxidation is taking place. These always have heat as an output and often involve emission of light as well (typically, flames). The #$objectActedOn in a #$CombustionProcess is at least partly consumed. See also #$Flammability.") ;;; #$Command (#$isa #$Command #$ObjectType) (#$genls #$Command #$Request) (#$comment #$Command "A collection of illocutionary forces. Each instance of #$Command consists of a piece of information contained (usually implicitly) in a communication, and which expresses the speaker's intention to have the listener either carry out the action described in the utterance and/or bring about the situation described in the utterance. The speaker in any given instance of #$Ordering-CommunicationAct presupposes that s/he has the authority to command those s/he adresses. `Speaker' and `listener' are broadly interpreted to mean, respectively, any #$senderOfInfo and #$recipientOfInfo. See also #$IllocutionaryForce.") ;;; #$CommercialActivity (#$isa #$CommercialActivity #$TemporalObjectType) (#$isa #$CommercialActivity #$DefaultDisjointScriptType) (#$genls #$CommercialActivity #$HumanActivity) (#$genls #$CommercialActivity #$Transaction) (#$comment #$CommercialActivity "This is a large collection of events. As can be seen from its subsets, it embraces all types of buying, selling, offering to sell, offering to buy, requesting bids, performing services for hire, advertising, manufacturing for sale, etc.") ;;; #$CommercialFishingBoat (#$isa #$CommercialFishingBoat #$ExistingObjectType) (#$isa #$CommercialFishingBoat #$ProductType) (#$genls #$CommercialFishingBoat #$Boat-WaterTransportationDevice) (#$comment #$CommercialFishingBoat "The subcollection of Boat-WaterTransportationDevice that contains all fishing boats, including trawlers, seiners, junks etc. that are marine-life-catching devices, and the main purpose of the fishing is commercial. Note that not all instances of CommercialFishingBoat have to be used exclusively in the ocean--they can also be used in rivers and lakes, etc.") ;;; #$CommercialOrganization (#$isa #$CommercialOrganization #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$CommercialOrganization #$Organization) (#$comment #$CommercialOrganization "A collection of organizations. An element of #$CommercialOrganization is an organization which buys or sells goods or services for a profit. It may also be an element of #$Business or it may merely be a sub-organization of a #$Business entity.") ;;; #$CommercialServiceOrganization (#$isa #$CommercialServiceOrganization #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$CommercialServiceOrganization #$CommercialOrganization) (#$genls #$CommercialServiceOrganization #$ServiceOrganization) (#$comment #$CommercialServiceOrganization "A collection of organizations; a subset of #$CommercialOrganization. An instance of #$CommercialServiceOrganization is a commercial organization which sells its services as its main product (rather than tangible goods), for commercial gain. Some tangible goods may accompany or supplement the main service sold, but only as side products; e.g., some elements of #$HairSalon sell hair care products.") ;;; #$Commissioned (#$isa #$Commissioned #$WorkStatus) (#$comment #$Commissioned "An attribute; an element of #$WorkStatus. The attribute of being paid on a commission basis for work done.") ;;; #$Communicating (#$isa #$Communicating #$DefaultDisjointScriptType) (#$isa #$Communicating #$TemporalStuffType) (#$genls #$Communicating #$InformationTransferEvent) (#$genls #$Communicating #$SocialOccurrence) (#$genls #$Communicating #$PurposefulAction) (#$comment #$Communicating "A collection of events. Each element of #$Communicating is an event in which the transfer of information between or among agents is a focal action; communicating is the main purpose and/or goal in the event. That may be contrasted with events which involve communication but wherein the focus is different, e.g., playing cards (wherein the progressive actions--and winning--of the game are focal). Communicating may be either a one-way or a two-way transfer of information (cf. #$CommunicationAct-Single, #$MultiDirectionalCommunication). It may be intentional or unintentional. Every event belonging to #$Communicating contains at least one transfer of information between at least two agents who participate in the event. (Note that the latter requirement excludes reading and writing from #$Communicating, when those events are just the private accessing or generating of information.) Communicating may be specialized in various ways, such as, by the method or medium used (e.g., #$AudioCommunicating, #$NonVerbalCommunicating, #$FaceToFacePresenceCommunicating); by the type of information involved (e.g., #$MakingAnAgreement); by the purpose of the communication (e.g., #$Teaching, #$Negotiating); by the agents involved (e.g., #$IntraOrganizationCommunication, #$StageProduction). Examples of #$Communicating include a symphony performance, an email message, a telephone call, a speech, a handshake, issuing a traffic ticket--all of which normally, and focally, involve communication between two or more agents.") (#$overlappingExternalConcept #$Communicating #$SENSUS-Information1997 "VERBAL-PROCESS") (#$synonymousExternalConcept #$Communicating #$SENSUS-Information1997 "COMMUNICATIVE-ACT") ;;; #$CommunicationAct-Single (#$isa #$CommunicationAct-Single #$ScriptType) (#$isa #$CommunicationAct-Single #$TemporalObjectType) (#$genls #$CommunicationAct-Single #$Action) (#$genls #$CommunicationAct-Single #$Communicating) (#$comment #$CommunicationAct-Single "A collection of information transfer events; a subset of #$Communicating. Each element of #$CommunicationAct-Single is a single-source transmission of information from ONE #$senderOfInfo to one or more recipients; such acts may be one-to-one or one-to-many. Every element of #$CommunicationAct-Single has a transmission sub-event (which is an element of #$IBTGeneration-Original) and one or more reception #$subEvents (which are elements of #$AccessingAnIBT). An element of #$CommunicationAct-Single starts when its transmission sub-event starts and ends when its accessing sub-event(s) end. Notes: (1) For exchanges of information between or among multiple agents, see #$MultiDirectionalCommunication. (2) An important distinction is made between elements of #$CommunicationAct-Single on the one hand, and their #$subEvents which are elements of #$IBTGeneration-Original and #$AccessingAnIBT, on the other hand; e.g., #$Speaking and #$Writing are NOT subsets of #$CommunicationAct-Single, but rather are subsets of #$IBTGeneration-Original (because instances of both represent only the generation of information and can even occur without actual communication of it), and #$ListeningDeliberately and #$Reading are subsets of #$AccessingAnIBT, NOT of #$CommunicationAct-Single, because instances of both represent only the accessing of information (even if by default they imply a prior generation of information).") ;;; #$CommunicationConvention (#$isa #$CommunicationConvention #$TemporalStuffType) (#$genls #$CommunicationConvention #$AbstractInformation) (#$genls #$CommunicationConvention #$MentalObject) (#$comment #$CommunicationConvention "The collection of conventions used to encode and interpret things which bear information; a syntax together with a semantic mapping. Instances include natural languages like French or English, database data formats, and computer languages or idiosyncratic systems of gestures or symbols known only by a small group of people.") ;;; #$CommunityOrganization (#$isa #$CommunityOrganization #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$CommunityOrganization #$Organization) (#$comment #$CommunityOrganization "A collection of organizations. An element of #$CommunityOrganization is a group that consists of residents of a #$Neighborhood or apartment building or condominium complex, and which is concerned with issues affecting the #$Neighborhood or complex.") ;;; #$CommutativeRelation (#$isa #$CommutativeRelation #$RelationType) (#$isa #$CommutativeRelation #$Collection) (#$genls #$CommutativeRelation #$Relationship) (#$comment #$CommutativeRelation "An important subset of #$Relationship. Each element of #$CommutativeRelation is a relationship whose argument order can be changed without changing the value or meaning of the expression; e.g., #$PlusFn, #$TimesFn, #$or, #$bordersOn, #$temporallyIntersects, #$teammates. Most #$Relationships are NOT commutative: if (#$isa EL COL) is true, it is rare that (#$isa COL EL) is also true.") ;;; #$Competence (#$isa #$Competence #$ScriptPerformanceAttributeType) (#$genls #$Competence #$ScriptPerformanceAttribute) (#$comment #$Competence "One of the most general attributes for describing the level of skill with which an agent performs some task. Knowledge enterers will usually want to use some more specific attribute.") ;;; #$Competition (#$isa #$Competition #$ScriptType) (#$isa #$Competition #$TemporalObjectType) (#$genls #$Competition #$PurposefulAction) (#$genls #$Competition #$SocialOccurrence) (#$comment #$Competition "The collection of situations in which one or more #$Agents are striving to be the sole exemplar of some high value judgement, or the highest value along some comparative or metric scale. Arm wrestling, football, fighting for prey, competitive courting, racing, rodeo events, etc. are examples. See also #$competitionExpr. Note: `striving' may be a bit of overstatement, as sometimes the competitors may even be unaware that a competition has been going on until after it is over, such as the first year a `Best Restaurant in Austin' award is given out.") ;;; #$CompleteCloudCover (#$isa #$CompleteCloudCover #$Cloudiness) (#$genlAttributes #$CompleteCloudCover #$Cloudy) (#$comment #$CompleteCloudCover "#$CompleteCloudCover is a #$WeatherAttribute representing a specific degree of #$Cloudiness. This attribute describes a location as so clouded over with a uniform layer grey or white clouds that direct sunlight is blocked out. There are no shadows, the shape or exact location of the sun or moon is impossible to identify.") ;;; #$ComplexTemporalRelation (#$isa #$ComplexTemporalRelation #$PredicateCategory) (#$genls #$ComplexTemporalRelation #$TemporalRelation) (#$comment #$ComplexTemporalRelation "Instances of #$ComplexTemporalRelation are predicates used to interrelate instances of #$TemporalThing in time. Some of them (e.g., #$startsAfterEndingOf) make statements about the relationship of the beginning and/or end of their first argument to the beginning and/or end of their second argument. One can think of this as an interval-based theory of time. Some of them (e.g., #$temporallyIntersects and #$temporallySubsumes) make statements about the relationship of the entire set of points that is their first argument to the entire set of points that is their second argument. One can think of this as a set-theoretic theory of time.") ;;; #$CompositeAttribute (#$isa #$CompositeAttribute #$AttributeType) (#$genls #$CompositeAttribute #$AttributeValue) (#$comment #$CompositeAttribute "A collection of attributes. Each element of #$CompositeAttribute is an attribute that is essentially a vector with many dimensions. Instances of #$Color are good examples; colors have intensity, hue, and saturation as independent dimensions. See also #$primitiveAttributeTypes, #$PrimitiveAttributeType.") ;;; #$CompositeAttributeType (#$isa #$CompositeAttributeType #$Collection) (#$genls #$CompositeAttributeType #$AttributeType) (#$comment #$CompositeAttributeType "A collection of collections. Every element of #$CompositeAttributeType is a collection of attributes which is a subset of #$CompositeAttribute (q.v.).") ;;; #$CompositePhysicalAndMentalEvent (#$isa #$CompositePhysicalAndMentalEvent #$TemporalObjectType) (#$isa #$CompositePhysicalAndMentalEvent #$ScriptType) (#$genls #$CompositePhysicalAndMentalEvent #$MentalEvent) (#$genls #$CompositePhysicalAndMentalEvent #$PhysicalEvent) (#$comment #$CompositePhysicalAndMentalEvent "A collection of events. Each element of #$CompositePhysicalAndMentalEvent is an event that involves both some mental event(s) and an interaction of physical objects. Examples include a news broadcast program, a court trial, inheriting property, writing a letter, a physical examination, a charity ball, traffic on some section of highway during rush hour. Note that this collection does NOT imply that the events which are its instances have doers (see #$doneBy). Subsets of #$CompositePhysicalAndMentalEvent whose elements all have doers (or performers) -- and there will be many of them -- should have as a second genls #$Action or the appropriate subset of #$Action (qq.v.).") ;;; #$CompositeTangibleAndIntangibleObject (#$isa #$CompositeTangibleAndIntangibleObject #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$CompositeTangibleAndIntangibleObject #$PartiallyTangible) (#$genls #$CompositeTangibleAndIntangibleObject #$PartiallyIntangible) (#$genls #$CompositeTangibleAndIntangibleObject #$SomethingExisting) (#$comment #$CompositeTangibleAndIntangibleObject "The collection of things which have both a tangible and an intangible component -- e.g., people (with bodies and minds), information bearing objects (intangible information encoded on a tangible substrate, such as music on a CD, or text in a book) and so on. Like anything else that has at least some tangible component, each element of #$CompositeTangibleAndIntangibleObject exists in time. Our representation allows us to separately reify the tangible and intangible components of an object; this is sometimes necessary (e.g., to state that the age of the Frankenstein monster's mind is x, the age of his body is y, and the age of the new composite is z) but not very often needed --- usually one can just reify the #$CompositeTangibleAndIntangibleObject and state things about it.") ;;; #$CompositionPredicate (#$isa #$CompositionPredicate #$PredicateCategory) (#$genls #$CompositionPredicate #$PhysicalPartPredicate) (#$comment #$CompositionPredicate "A collection of predicates; one of several subsets of #$PartPredicate. The collection #$CompositionPredicate contains predicates which are used to relate #$PartiallyTangible things to the substances (pieces of stuffs) which compose them. #$CompositionPredicates are instance-level (i.e, they relate #$Individuals, not #$Collections), although typically they are used in inferences about specific kinds of things. Examples include #$constituents, #$mainConstituent #$solvent, #$solute, #$suspendingFluid, #$suspendedPart, #$atmosphereComponent.") ;;; #$Compressibility (#$isa #$Compressibility #$PrimitiveAttributeType) (#$genls #$Compressibility #$ScalarInterval) (#$genls #$Compressibility #$PhysicalAttribute) (#$comment #$Compressibility "A collection of attributes; a subset of #$PhysicalAttribute. Each element of #$Compressibility represents a specific capacity of a physical object to be compressed. Compressibility may be measured with a #$GenericValueFunction. Compressibilities of objects are indicated with the predicate #$compressibilityOfObject.") ;;; #$ComputationalObject (#$isa #$ComputationalObject #$ObjectType) (#$genls #$ComputationalObject #$IntangibleIndividual) (#$genls #$ComputationalObject #$MathematicalOrComputationalThing) (#$comment #$ComputationalObject "A collection of abstract objects; a subset of #$IntangibleIndividual. Each element of #$ComputationalObject is a syntactically structured form, such as a Cyc system expression, a Lisp string, a C variable name, or an equation in a particular canonical form format.") ;;; #$ComputerProgram (#$isa #$ComputerProgram #$ProductType) (#$isa #$ComputerProgram #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$ComputerProgram #$InanimateThing) (#$genls #$ComputerProgram #$TangibleProduct) (#$genls #$ComputerProgram #$Artifact) (#$genls #$ComputerProgram #$InformationBearingObject) (#$comment #$ComputerProgram "A collection of information bearing objects (IBOs). Each element of #$ComputerProgram is an IBO, i.e., a tangible object which contains intangible information, namely instructions written in a code readable by some computer system and which are intended for execution by a computer. The tangible component of a computer program may be embodied in the memory of a particular instance of #$Computer (during a particular time), in a static magnetic medium (e.g., a disk or tape), in a hardcopy, even (once upon a time) in a set of punch cards. Again, note that elements of #$ComputerProgram are physically embodied programs, which rightly interpreted yield the information and/or instructions in the program. The elements of #$Algorithm and of #$CharacterString (which are abstract) are NOT elements of #$ComputerProgram, although they may figure in the intangible components of a computer program. See also #$containsInformation, #$InformationBearingObject.") ;;; #$Concave (#$isa #$Concave #$CurvatureOfSurface) (#$comment #$Concave "An attribute of a surface meaning that it is bumped or indented inward. A concave surface has a pair of points which are both closer to a viewer than points on the surface between them. Dependinhg on the context, it may have relatively small subregions which have convexities (e.g. wrinkles, small dents, corrugations) or are flat so long as the overall shape is concave. Saddle-shapes, although convex in certain dimensions, are concave in others and are therefore concave.") ;;; #$Concrete (#$isa #$Concrete #$TangibleStuffCompositionType) (#$genls #$Concrete #$BuildingMaterial) (#$genls #$Concrete #$ArtificialMaterial) (#$comment #$Concrete "A collection of tangible things. Each element of #$Concrete is a piece of an artificial mixture of cement, gravel, sand, and (during mixture, pouring, and forming) water. Used widely in construction, pieces of concrete are formed into the desired shape while fluid and afterward hardened into a sturdy, durable material. Examples: bridge pilings, foundations of houses, sidewalks, pieces of IH-35.") ;;; #$Condensing (#$isa #$Condensing #$TemporalObjectType) (#$isa #$Condensing #$DefaultDisjointScriptType) (#$genls #$Condensing #$Translocation) (#$genls #$Condensing #$PhysicalStateChangeEvent) (#$comment #$Condensing "A collection of events. In each instance of this collection, an object is cooled to (and then below) its #$boilingPoint, changing it from #$GaseousStateOfMatter to #$LiquidStateOfMatter.") ;;; #$ConductorResistance (#$isa #$ConductorResistance #$ElectricalResistance) (#$comment #$ConductorResistance "A measurable physical attribute. #$ConductorResistance is the element of #$ElectricalResistance that represents a very low level of electrical resistance. An object having #$ConductorResistance readily conducts electricity. See also #$resistanceOfObject.") ;;; #$ConductsHeatPoorly (#$isa #$ConductsHeatPoorly #$ThermalConductivity) (#$comment #$ConductsHeatPoorly "A measurable physical attribute. #$ConductsHeatPoorly is the element of #$ThermalConductivity that represents the level of thermal conductivity in an object that conducts virtually no heat.") ;;; #$ConductsHeatWell (#$isa #$ConductsHeatWell #$ThermalConductivity) (#$comment #$ConductsHeatWell "A measurable physical attribute. #$ConductsHeatWell is the element of #$ThermalConductivity that represents the level of thermal conductivity in an object that conducts heat very quickly.") ;;; #$ConductsSomeHeat (#$isa #$ConductsSomeHeat #$ThermalConductivity) (#$comment #$ConductsSomeHeat "A measurable physical attribute. #$ConductsSomeHeat is the element of #$ThermalConductivity that represents the level of thermal conductivity in an object which conducts heat, but slowly.") ;;; #$Confidence (#$isa #$Confidence #$FeelingAttributeType) (#$genls #$Confidence #$FeelingAttribute) (#$comment #$Confidence "The positive emotion felt when one is free from doubt about an event or object from which the agent feeling #$Confidence expects positive contingencies. For example, one might say 'I feel confident that tomorrow it will not be rainy'. Do not confuse this with a personality disposition, e.g. 'Joe is a confident person.' (See #$PersonalityAttribute.) This is a collection; for an explanation of a typical #$FeelingAttributeType, see #$Happiness. More specialized #$FeelingAttributeTypes include #$Grief, #$SelfConfidence, etc.") ;;; #$Configuration (#$isa #$Configuration #$ExistingObjectType) (#$isa #$Configuration #$SituationType) (#$genls #$Configuration #$PartiallyTangible) (#$genls #$Configuration #$StaticSituation) (#$comment #$Configuration "#$Configuration is a subset of #$StaticSituation. Each #$Configuration is a static configuration, existing over time, of two or more tangible objects. The #$StaticSituations that aren't #$Configurations are those which don't involve tangible objects; for example, reified relationships among agents such as #$InCustody).") ;;; #$CongenitalCondition (#$isa #$CongenitalCondition #$PhysiologicalConditionType) (#$genls #$CongenitalCondition #$PhysiologicalCondition) (#$comment #$CongenitalCondition "A collection of ailments. An instance of #$CongenitalCondition is an #$AilmentCondition that is present in an afflicted organism from the time of gestation (i.e. before birth), whether or not it is a #$GeneticCondition. Two example types of #$CongenitalCondition are congenital herpes and congenital heroin addiction. A #$CongenitalCondition may be caused by behavior of the mother during pregnancy. Birth defects (such as having an extra toe) are #$CongenitalConditions. Injuries sustained during the delivery itself are not #$CongenitalConditions. Thus if forceps are used and the infant is scarred, brain-damaged or killed as a result, the situation is not an element of this collection.") ;;; #$ConnectedPathSystem (#$isa #$ConnectedPathSystem #$Collection) (#$genls #$ConnectedPathSystem #$Thing) (#$comment #$ConnectedPathSystem "The collection of all connected #$PathSystems that are not in separate pieces. For any different points X and Y in such a system SYS, there is a path PATH in SYS that both X and Y are on. Another way to put this is that SYS is an instance of #$ConnectedPathSystem iff for any different points X and Y in SYS, there is a path PATH in SYS such that (#$pathBetweenInSystem PATH X Y SYS) holds. Note that according to this definition, a connected path system does not have to contain a link--a path system containing a single node will be a connected path system. If a connected path system contains a link, nevertheless, every two different points must be connected by a path. Note also that because of our treatment of path (see #$pathInSystem) and our restriction of points in SYS that are not nodes (see #$nodeInSystem), that there is a path between every two points in SYS is equivalent to that there is a path between every two nodes in Sys.") ;;; #$ConnectingTogether (#$isa #$ConnectingTogether #$TemporalObjectType) (#$isa #$ConnectingTogether #$DefaultDisjointScriptType) (#$genls #$ConnectingTogether #$ActionOnObject) (#$genls #$ConnectingTogether #$PhysicalEvent) (#$comment #$ConnectingTogether "A collection of events. In a #$ConnectingTogether event, two or more tangible things get connected together by means of some sort of connector or fastener. Some specializations of this include welding, buckling-up, using nailing, tying-up, etc. #$ConnectingTogether need not be a spec of #$Movement-TranslationEvent since two objects being connected may be already at rest with each other.") ;;; #$ConnectionPredicate (#$isa #$ConnectionPredicate #$RelationType) (#$genls #$ConnectionPredicate #$CotemporalPredicate) (#$comment #$ConnectionPredicate "A collection of predicates. Each element of #$ConnectionPredicate is a predicate that specifies physical connections between objects. Examples: #$nailedTo, #$rivetedTo, #$connectedTo-Rigidly, #$rotationallyConnectedTo, #$hangsFrom, #$in-Embedded.") ;;; #$Connector (#$isa #$Connector #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$Connector #$NonPoweredDevice) (#$comment #$Connector "A collection of physical devices. An instance of #$Connector is a device which connects two objects. A connector (or part of it) may be a part incorporated into one or both of the objects connected, or a connector may be a totally separate device. Examples include elements of the collections #$ButtonTheFastener, #$Staple, #$Nail, and many more.") ;;; #$Constructing (#$isa #$Constructing #$TemporalStuffType) (#$isa #$Constructing #$DefaultDisjointScriptType) (#$genls #$Constructing #$MakingSomething) (#$comment #$Constructing "A collection of events. In each #$Constructing event, one or more #$ConstructionArtifacts, such as a house, are made or incrementally enlarged or remodeled.") ;;; #$ConstructionArtifact (#$isa #$ConstructionArtifact #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$ConstructionArtifact #$Artifact) (#$genls #$ConstructionArtifact #$SolidTangibleProduct) (#$comment #$ConstructionArtifact "A collection of artificial tangible objects. Each element of #$ConstructionArtifact is a structure designed and built by humans. This collection includes buildings and parts of buildings, as well as things like dams, railroad lines, and roads. Examples: the #$RomanColiseum, the #$ArcDeTriomphe, #$HooverDam, the #$WorldTradeCenter, #$HollyWoodBowl. For further information, see #$FixedStructure, an important subset.") ;;; #$ConstructionCompany (#$isa #$ConstructionCompany #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$ConstructionCompany #$Business) (#$genls #$ConstructionCompany #$CommercialServiceOrganization) (#$comment #$ConstructionCompany "A collection of businesses. An element of #$ConstructionCompany is a business whose #$MainFunction is constructing buildings, houses, dams, roads, bridges, or other large structures.") ;;; #$Consultant (#$isa #$Consultant #$OccupationType) (#$genls #$Consultant #$BusinessPerson) (#$genls #$Consultant #$Professional) (#$comment #$Consultant "A collection of persons; a subset of #$Professional. Each element of #$Consultant works with some business in a consulting capacity. Consultants can be self employed, or they can work for a consulting company.") ;;; #$ConsumableProduct (#$isa #$ConsumableProduct #$ExistingStuffType) (#$isa #$ConsumableProduct #$ProductType) (#$genls #$ConsumableProduct #$TangibleProduct) (#$comment #$ConsumableProduct "A collection of tangible stuff; a subset of #$TangibleProduct. Each element of #$ConsumableProduct is a product of which any portion can be used only once. A portion of a #$ConsumableProduct is `used up', i.e., destroyed or transformed into an unusable or waste form, during normal use. Note: `consumable' here does mean necessarily consumed by mouth; the consumption may be any use of the product.") ;;; #$ConsumingFoodOrDrink (#$isa #$ConsumingFoodOrDrink #$TemporalStuffType) (#$isa #$ConsumingFoodOrDrink #$DefaultDisjointScriptType) (#$genls #$ConsumingFoodOrDrink #$DirectedTranslation) (#$genls #$ConsumingFoodOrDrink #$DestructionEvent) (#$comment #$ConsumingFoodOrDrink "A collection of events. Each element of #$ConsumingFoodOrDrink is an event in which a person or other animal ingests some portion of food or drink through its mouth. This collection generically covers eating or drinking, by a single person, of a meal- or snack-sized portion of food. For more detail, see the subsets #$EatingEvent and #$DrinkingEvent. For eating or drinking with a social group, see #$HavingAMeal. Note: #$ConsumingFoodOrDrink does NOT include intravenous infusion of nutrients or chewing of gum.") ;;; #$ContactLocation (#$isa #$ContactLocation #$ContactLocationType) (#$genls #$ContactLocation #$PartiallyTangible) (#$comment #$ContactLocation "A collection of spatial objects. Each element of #$ContactLocation is a point at which some particular agent (e.g., corporation or person) may be contacted by any of several means, for any of several purposes. #$ContactLocation includes any place to which one may direct one or more of the following: letters, packages, phone calls or voice messages, bills, email, faxes, pages, subpoenas. Contact locations must be particular--e.g., my house or my office or even my secretary, but not simply `Austin'.") ;;; #$ContactLocationType (#$isa #$ContactLocationType #$Collection) (#$genls #$ContactLocationType #$ExistingObjectType) (#$comment #$ContactLocationType "A collection of collections. Each element of #$ContactLocationType is a collection of places at which a particular agent may be contacted; such collections may be characterized in several different ways: (a) by method of contact (e.g., #$VoicePhoneLocation, #$FaxLocation); (b) by purpose of contact (e.g., #$BillingLocation, #$ShippingLocation, #$EmergencyContact); (c) by the agent's relationship to those places (e.g., #$HumanResidence, #$Workplace). Note that particular places may fall under different subsets of #$ContactLocationType for different agents; for example, one person's home might be another's vacation location.") ;;; #$ContainerProduct (#$isa #$ContainerProduct #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$ContainerProduct #$SolidTangibleThing) (#$genls #$ContainerProduct #$PhysicalDevice) (#$comment #$ContainerProduct "A collection of physical devices. An instance of #$ContainerProduct is an object whose #$primaryFunction (or one of whose main functions) is to be a container. Examples are of staggering variety, including storage containers for books, office records, food, clothing, tools, and materials; containers for transporting the same; passenger compartments of various kinds of vehicles; artificial constructs for housing humans and animals; etc., etc. Instances of #$Crib, #$Sandbox, #$OfficeSpace, and #$Coffin.") ;;; #$Contempt (#$isa #$Contempt #$FeelingAttributeType) (#$genls #$Contempt #$Dislike) (#$genls #$Contempt #$Disapproval) (#$comment #$Contempt "Emotion characterized by vehement condemnation of its object as being low, vile, feeble, or ignominious. This is a #$Collection --- for an explanation of that, see #$Happiness. Some more specialized #$FeelingAttributeTypes than #$Contempt are #$Hate, #$Abhorrence, etc. ") ;;; #$Continent (#$isa #$Continent #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$Continent #$LandBody) (#$genls #$Continent #$LandTopographicalFeature) (#$comment #$Continent "A collection of topographical features. The elements of #$Continent are the seven main land masses on the surface of the earth (plus Eurasia added as a super-region of Europe and Asia). Elements: #$ContinentOfAfrica, #$ContinentOfAntarctica, #$ContinentOfAsia, #$Australia, #$ContinentOfEurope, #$ContinentOfEurasia, #$ContinentOfNorthAmerica, #$ContinentOfSouthAmerica.") ;;; #$ContinentOfAfrica (#$isa #$ContinentOfAfrica #$Entity) (#$isa #$ContinentOfAfrica #$Continent) (#$comment #$ContinentOfAfrica "The second largest continent, located north and south of the #$Equator in the #$EasternHemisphere-Region. Africa is connected to Asia by the narrow #$Isthmus of Suez; it includes #$Madagascar and other offshore islands.") ;;; #$ContinentOfAsia (#$isa #$ContinentOfAsia #$Entity) (#$isa #$ContinentOfAsia #$Continent) (#$comment #$ContinentOfAsia "The world's largest continent, joined in the west with Europe (which may be considered a peninsula of Asia) to form the Eurasian land mass (#$ContinentOfEurasia). The #$ContinentOfAsia occupies much of the northern half of the #$EasternHemisphere-Region.") ;;; #$ContinentOfEurope (#$isa #$ContinentOfEurope #$Entity) (#$isa #$ContinentOfEurope #$Continent) (#$comment #$ContinentOfEurope "The sixth largest continent; includes adjacent islands. The #$ContinentOfEurope is separated from the #$ContinentOfAsia by the #$UralMountains.") ;;; #$ContinentOfNorthAmerica (#$isa #$ContinentOfNorthAmerica #$Continent) (#$isa #$ContinentOfNorthAmerica #$Entity) (#$comment #$ContinentOfNorthAmerica "The continent in the northern and #$WesternHemisphere-Region. North America includes #$CentralAmerica-Region as well as the #$WestIndies-Archipelago as #$geographicalSubRegions.") ;;; #$ContinentOfSouthAmerica (#$isa #$ContinentOfSouthAmerica #$Continent) (#$isa #$ContinentOfSouthAmerica #$Entity) (#$comment #$ContinentOfSouthAmerica "The continent in the western and southern hemisphere.") ;;; #$ContractNegotiation (#$isa #$ContractNegotiation #$ScriptType) (#$isa #$ContractNegotiation #$TemporalObjectType) (#$genls #$ContractNegotiation #$PurposefulAction) (#$genls #$ContractNegotiation #$Negotiating) (#$comment #$ContractNegotiation "The collection of negotiations intended to lead to the formation of a contract between the participants (or the parties they represent in the negotiations).") ;;; #$ControlDevice (#$isa #$ControlDevice #$ProductType) (#$isa #$ControlDevice #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$ControlDevice #$PhysicalDevice) (#$comment #$ControlDevice "A collection of physical devices. An instance of #$ControlDevice is a device whose #$primaryFunction is to control the behavior/functioning/properties of another thing (usually another instance of #$PhysicalDevice). Obvious instances of #$ControlDevice include: the remote control for your TV (an instance of #$RemoteControlDevice), the brake pedal on your car (an instance of #$Pedal-ControlDevice), the light switch on your bedroom wall (an instance of #$ElectricalSwitch); a less obvious instance of #$ControlDevice is #$HooverDam (an instance of #$Dam).") ;;; #$ControlledLand (#$isa #$ControlledLand #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$ControlledLand #$CountrySubsidiary) (#$genls #$ControlledLand #$GeopoliticalEntity) (#$comment #$ControlledLand "A collection of geopolitical entities. Each element of #$ControlledLand is a geopolitical entity that is controlled to some extent by a foreign power. Examples: #$PuertoRico, #$Bermuda, #$Guadeloupe-TheDependency, #$Tibet.") ;;; #$ControllingSomething (#$isa #$ControllingSomething #$TemporalObjectType) (#$isa #$ControllingSomething #$ScriptType) (#$genls #$ControllingSomething #$CompositePhysicalAndMentalEvent) (#$genls #$ControllingSomething #$PurposefulAction) (#$comment #$ControllingSomething "A collection of events; a subset of #$PurposefulAction. An instance of #$ControllingSomething is a purposeful action in which some #$Agent intentionally controls some object. It is not necessary that the agent touch the #$objectControlled, only that s/he have an efficacious means of controlling its action -- thus, instances of #$ControllingSomething include all instances of #$GuidingAMovingObject (some of which involve a #$RemoteControlDevice). Further subsets: #$HandlingAnObject, #$Braking, #$SteeringADeviceByHand, #$PlayingAMusicalInstrument, #$CuttingFabric, #$CarryingWhileLocomoting, #$FlushingAToilet, etc. Whenever a #$ControlDevice (qv) is being used, for its primary function, presumably a #$ControllingSomething event is taking place. Borderline examples include having a conversation by telephone, doing the dishes by hand, and having a cat as a pet.") ;;; #$ConventionalClassificationSystem (#$isa #$ConventionalClassificationSystem #$ObjectType) (#$genls #$ConventionalClassificationSystem #$AbstractInformation) (#$comment #$ConventionalClassificationSystem "The collection of all agreed-upon or conventional classification systems, each consisting of #$ConventionalClassificationTypes. In such systems, a change or reclassification is possible by a decision of an authority, or by a changed social agreement, without changing the intrinsic facts about the actual objects in the category. (This applies only to named or known classification systems or schemas, and not to everything under the sun as might be urged by some 1990's-era postmodernist deconstructionist literary criticism theorists.)") ;;; #$ConventionalClassificationType (#$isa #$ConventionalClassificationType #$ObjectType) (#$genls #$ConventionalClassificationType #$AbstractInformation) (#$comment #$ConventionalClassificationType "The collection of all those collections (of #$Things) that each correspond to a category in some agreed-upon or conventional classification system (a #$ConventionalClassificationSystem). In such systems, a change or reclassification is possible by a decision of an authority, or by a changed social agreement, without changing the intrinsic facts about the actual objects in the category. (This applies only to named, known classification systems or schemas, and not to everything under the sun as might be urged by some 1990's-era postmodernist deconstructionist literary criticism theorists.)") (#$synonymousExternalConcept #$ConventionalClassificationType #$SENSUS-Information1997 "SOCIAL-OBJECT") ;;; #$Convex (#$isa #$Convex #$CurvatureOfSurface) (#$comment #$Convex "A surface attribute meaning that the surface's overall shape is dominated by an outward bulge or mound, or consists of projecting corners between planes. In most contexts, it may have relatively small subregions which are concave or flat, etc., so long as overall shape is convex. Viewing something as convex assumes a perspective. From the opposite perspective, on the `other side', a #$Convex surface would look #$Concave.") ;;; #$ConvexHullFn (#$isa #$ConvexHullFn #$ReifiableFunction) (#$isa #$ConvexHullFn #$IndividualDenotingFunction) (#$resultIsa #$ConvexHullFn #$Surface-Abstract) (#$arg1Isa #$ConvexHullFn #$SpatialThing) (#$comment #$ConvexHullFn "(ConvexHullFn OBJECT) is a function applied to a #$SpatialThing (which may be a single object or a #$Group of several unconnected objects) and returns the surface that is the convex hull of the object or objects. The convex hull encloses, precisely, all of OBJECT and all space that lies on a straight line between any two points that are parts of OBJECT. The convex hull is a surface; see also #$ConvexHullSpaceFn.") ;;; #$ConvexHullSpaceFn (#$isa #$ConvexHullSpaceFn #$ReifiableFunction) (#$isa #$ConvexHullSpaceFn #$IndividualDenotingFunction) (#$resultIsa #$ConvexHullSpaceFn #$SpatialThing) (#$arg1Isa #$ConvexHullSpaceFn #$SpatialThing) (#$comment #$ConvexHullSpaceFn "(ConvexHullSpaceFn OBJECT) is a function applied to a #$SpatialThing (which may be a single object or a #$Group of several unconnected objects) and returns the spatial region that is enclosed by the convex hull of the object or objects. The convex hull encloses, precisely, all space that lies on a straight line between any two points that are parts of OBJECT. The enclosed space is three or two dimensional and is not necessarily the hull surface itself; see also #$ConvexHullFn.") ;;; #$ConvexTangibleObject (#$isa #$ConvexTangibleObject #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$ConvexTangibleObject #$TangibleThing) (#$comment #$ConvexTangibleObject "The collection of all #$TangibleThings that are #$Convex, i.e. have no significant #$Concave surfaces, cavities or #$Crevices. A #$ConvexTangibleObject occupies about the same space as its convex hull; see #$ConvexHullFn and #$ConvexHullSpaceFn. A solid physical sphere or cube are #$ConvexTangibleObjects but a cup or doughnut cannot be. The size of allowable minor concavities depends on the context.") ;;; #$Conveyance (#$isa #$Conveyance #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$Conveyance #$SolidTangibleThing) (#$genls #$Conveyance #$Artifact) (#$comment #$Conveyance "A collection of concrete physical objects. Each instance of #$Conveyance is intended for moving (at least partially tangible) things --- it could be a car, ship, plane, or other vehicle for transporting people; it could be a conveyor belt, a grocery bag, etc. See also #$TransportationDevice which is used to axiomatize more specific kinds of conveying events in which the object doing the conveying actually moves along with the object being transported. See #$TransportationEvent for the collection of events about this more specific kind of conveying event. Some positive exemplars: a gun, a car, a slingshot. A borderline non-exemplar is a wire over which electricity, signals, etc. are moving.") ;;; #$Cooked (#$isa #$Cooked #$PreparationAttribute) (#$comment #$Cooked "The attribute #$Cooked is a #$PreparationAttribute (q.v.), describing how a given item of #$Food has been prepared. Food becomes #$Cooked as the result of an event of #$CookingFood. Specialized forms of #$Cooked include #$Steamed, #$Baked, #$Microwaved and #$Grilled.") ;;; #$CookingFood (#$isa #$CookingFood #$DefaultDisjointScriptType) (#$isa #$CookingFood #$TemporalObjectType) (#$genls #$CookingFood #$HeatingProcess) (#$genls #$CookingFood #$PreparingFoodOrDrink) (#$comment #$CookingFood "A collection of events. Each element of #$CookingFood is an event in which some item of #$Food is prepared by heating it. Typically, the foodstuff is heated until it reaches a certain temperature over some period of time, during which chemical and/or physical changes occur which are supposed to make the foodstuff healthier or tastier (or, in some cases, ethically acceptable). A #$CookingFood event may last from a few minutes (e.g., #$SteamingFood (vegetables), #$MakingToast) to several hours (e.g., #$RoastingFood). Note: #$SmokingFood is not a subset of #$CookingFood. Food prepared by smoking (e.g., smoked ham, bacon) is `cured' by a chemical reaction with nitrates in the smoke, rather than being cooked by heat. Cf. #$SmokingFood, #$SaltingFood.") ;;; #$CoolingProcess (#$isa #$CoolingProcess #$TemporalStuffType) (#$isa #$CoolingProcess #$DefaultDisjointScriptType) (#$genls #$CoolingProcess #$TemperatureChangingProcess) (#$comment #$CoolingProcess "#$CoolingProcess is a collection of events, and a subset of #$TemperatureChangingProcess. During each #$CoolingProcess event, the temperature of the #$objectOfStateChange is decreased by removing heat from the object.") ;;; #$Corner-2d (#$isa #$Corner-2d #$RegionType) (#$genls #$Corner-2d #$Corner-2or3d) (#$comment #$Corner-2d "The collection of all regions wherein two linear edges of a two dimensional or sheet-shaped object (i.e., considered in this context to be sheet shaped) meet to form an angle of substantially less than 180 degrees. Polygons have at least three corners each.") ;;; #$Corner-2or3d (#$isa #$Corner-2or3d #$RegionType) (#$genls #$Corner-2or3d #$PartiallyTangible) (#$comment #$Corner-2or3d "The collection of all regions centered around a point where two edges of a sheet-like object meet at an angle or where three or more surfaces (together with three or more solid edges dividing them) meet at one place forming a solid angle. Includes 2-dimensional corners and 3 dimensional corners. Corners are either #$Convex or #$Concave with respect to some perspective.") ;;; #$Corner-3d (#$isa #$Corner-3d #$RegionType) (#$genls #$Corner-3d #$Corner-2or3d) (#$comment #$Corner-3d "The collection of all regions where three or more surfaces of an object (which is considered three dimensional in current context), and three or more #$EdgeOnObjects, meet. This includes corners of boxes, the tops of pyramids, etc. Each #$Corner-3d includes some solid angle of part of the object.") ;;; #$CorporateOfficer (#$isa #$CorporateOfficer #$OccupationType) (#$genls #$CorporateOfficer #$Leader) (#$genls #$CorporateOfficer #$Administrator) (#$comment #$CorporateOfficer "A collection of people. An instance of #$CorporateOfficer is a person who is recognized as an officer of a corporation, as officially recorded in the corporate records of that corporation. Common types of #$CorporateOfficer include #$CompanyPresident, #$CompanyVicePresident, Secretary and Treasurer of a corporation.") ;;; #$CorrosionResistance (#$isa #$CorrosionResistance #$PrimitiveAttributeType) (#$genls #$CorrosionResistance #$ScalarInterval) (#$genls #$CorrosionResistance #$PhysicalAttribute) (#$comment #$CorrosionResistance "A collection of attributes; a subset of #$PhysicalAttribute. Each element of #$CorrosionResistance represents a specific level of resistance to corrosion of some tangible object. Degrees of #$CorrosionResistance may be represented using #$GenericValueFunctions. Indicate a particular object's #$CorrosionResistance with the predicate #$resistanceToCorrosion.") ;;; #$CostBreakdownSlot (#$isa #$CostBreakdownSlot #$PredicateCategory) (#$genls #$CostBreakdownSlot #$BinaryPredicate) (#$genls #$CostBreakdownSlot #$Predicate) (#$comment #$CostBreakdownSlot "A collection of predicates. Each element of #$CostBreakdownSlot is a binary predicate used to describe some pecuniary aspect of an instance of #$Buying. The first argument to every #$CostBreakdownSlot is an element of #$Buying and the second argument is always an instance of #$Money. Examples: #$moneyTransferred, #$discount, #$salesTax, #$salesCommission.") ;;; #$CotemporalObjectsSlot (#$isa #$CotemporalObjectsSlot #$PredicateCategory) (#$genls #$CotemporalObjectsSlot #$CotemporalPredicate) (#$genls #$CotemporalObjectsSlot #$InterExistingObjectSlot) (#$comment #$CotemporalObjectsSlot "This is a subset of #$BinaryPredicate (hence the anachronistic `Slot' in its name). It is also a subset of #$CotemporalPredicate. Frankly, it is really just the intersection of #$CotemporalPredicate and #$BinaryPredicate, so it is strictly speaking superfluous, but has proven itself to be useful. Suppose predicate P is an instance of #$CotemporalObjectsSlot. If (P X Y) holds, then it must be the case that (#$cotemporal X Y). For example, consider the binary predicate #$owns, which is an instance of #$CotemporalObjectsSlot. To represent `Nick owned Spot in 1992' we could create the appropriate cotemporal subabstractions of each, and assert (#$owns NickIn1992 SpotIn1992), and this would satisfy the constraint introduced when we declared #$owns to be a #$CotemporalObjectsSlot. More tersely, we could use #$holdsIn (qv) and just assert (#$holdsIn (#$YearFn 1992) (#$owns Nick Spot)), since #$holdsIn implicitly treats instances of #$SomethingExisting as their appropriate subabstractions. Alternatively, we could create a context (a microtheory) one of whose assumptions was a temporal one, limiting all axioms to holding during 1992, and then in that context we could simply assert (#$owns Nick Spot). But it would be incorrect to assert (#$owns Nick Spot) in the #$BaseKB, since Nick as a baby and Nick as an old man didn't/won't own Spot.") ;;; #$CotemporalPredicate (#$isa #$CotemporalPredicate #$RelationType) (#$genls #$CotemporalPredicate #$Predicate) (#$comment #$CotemporalPredicate "A collection of Cyc predicates. Each element of #$CotemporalPredicate is a Cyc predicate whose temporal arguments (i.e., arguments having a temporal extent) must be #$cotemporal, i.e., they have the same temporal starting points and ending points. Moreover, all the temporal arguments of all the cotemporal predicates involved in a single axiom must be #$cotemporal. Since this is a very common and important relationship, we'll consider a detailed example. If I say `Fred owns a Camaro', what I really mean is that some #$subAbstrac (i.e., a time-slice) of Fred, over some time interval INT (e.g., 1993-1995), owns some #$subAbstrac of that Camaro, which exists over that very same time interval INT. Fred may have owned many cars before and since, and that Camaro may have had many owners before and since, but one time-slice of Fred owned one time-slice of that car. Common sense tells us that the time interval (INT) must have been the same in both cases; Cyc can infer this commonsensical conclusion from our having told it that #$owns is a cotemporal relation, i.e., (#$isa #$owns #$CotemporalPredicate). A ternary example is `between', as in `Lucy is between Fred and Ethel'. Not all predicates are elements of #$CotemporalPredicate, of course; consider `remembers' -- I (today) remember my father as he was forty years ago. There are some borderline cases here; #$sees clearly belongs to #$CotemporalPredicate, but in the case of someone smelling another object (cf. #$smells) it is less clearcut, since one can smell an object that has ceased to exist.") ;;; #$Coulomb (#$isa #$Coulomb #$StandardUnitOfMeasure) (#$isa #$Coulomb #$MKSUnitOfMeasure) (#$isa #$Coulomb #$UnitOfCharge) (#$isa #$Coulomb #$UnitOfMeasureNoPrefix) (#$resultIsa #$Coulomb #$ElectricalCharge) (#$resultIsa #$Coulomb #$ScalarInterval) (#$argsIsa #$Coulomb #$CycSystemRealNumber) (#$comment #$Coulomb "This is the basic unit of measure for charge in the metric system and in CYC.") ;;; #$CounterfactualContext (#$isa #$CounterfactualContext #$ObjectType) (#$isa #$CounterfactualContext #$MicrotheoryType) (#$genls #$CounterfactualContext #$Microtheory) (#$comment #$CounterfactualContext "The collection of microtheories that are each assumed to include at least one counterfactual assertion: an assertion which is believed to be untrue in the real world. It may be, however, that there is no explicit counterfactual assertion in a given #$CounterfactualContext. In particular, it is not required that there be any explicit contradiction of assertions in the #$genlMts of the #$CounterfactualContext. But intuitively speaking, most adults would be reticent about trusting too strongly in a propositon whose only justification was in a #$CounterfactualContext. All works of fiction relate events that transpire in counterfactual contexts. Examples: #$WorldMythologyMt, #$PaddingtonBearStoriesMt, #$ChristmasMythologyMt.") ;;; #$Country (#$isa #$Country #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$Country #$GeopoliticalEntity) (#$comment #$Country "A collection of geopolitical entities. An element of #$Country is a nation-state having its own territory, population, and government, whether or not it is fully independent. For example, #$Scotland is an element of #$Country, even though it is a part of the #$UnitedKingdomOfGreatBritainAndNorthernIreland. Cf. #$IndependentCountry.") ;;; #$CountrySubsidiary (#$isa #$CountrySubsidiary #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$CountrySubsidiary #$GeopoliticalEntity) (#$comment #$CountrySubsidiary "A collection of geopolitical entities. Each element of #$CountrySubsidiary is a political region that is a direct subsidiary of some country. This collection includes states, provinces, territories, and some special districts such as Washington, D.C. This class is somewhat artificial but is useful when representing addresses.") ;;; #$County (#$isa #$County #$SpatiallyDisjointRegionType) (#$genls #$County #$GeopoliticalEntity) (#$comment #$County "A collection of geopolitical entities. An element of #$County is a lesser geopolitical region, having an area typically larger than a #$City but smaller than a #$State-Geopolitical. Traditionally, a #$County area was within one day's horseback ride from the County Seat.") ;;; #$CountyGovernment (#$isa #$CountyGovernment #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$CountyGovernment #$RegionalGovernment) (#$comment #$CountyGovernment "The collection of all #$County governments.") ;;; #$CourseDuringAMeal (#$isa #$CourseDuringAMeal #$ScriptType) (#$genls #$CourseDuringAMeal #$HandlingAnObject) (#$comment #$CourseDuringAMeal "A collection of events. Each element of #$CourseDuringAMeal is an event in which one or more diners at a meal consume a single course. Examples include the elements of #$AppetizerCourse, #$MainCourse, #$DessertCourse.") ;;; #$Court-Judicial (#$isa #$Court-Judicial #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$Court-Judicial #$Organization) (#$comment #$Court-Judicial "A collection of organizations which are judicial agents. An element of #$Court-Judicial is an established judicial court, i.e., an enduring governmental #$Organization whose #$primaryFunction is to settle disputes by means of legal reasoning by one or more #$Judges. Typically, a court's orders are enforced by some other agency belonging to the government of which that court is a part. The collection #$Court-Judicial includes federal, state, county, and municipal courts, appellate and chancery courts, tax courts, courts of claims, courts-martial (if non-temporary), admiralty courts, courts of chivalry, American Indian tribal courts, and the Permanent Court of International Justice. It excludes Gypsy/Rom Kris courts, nonjudicial administrative county courts, stannaries, and temporary #$Tribunals.") ;;; #$CourtesyTitle (#$isa #$CourtesyTitle #$LinguisticObjectType) (#$genls #$CourtesyTitle #$Title) (#$comment #$CourtesyTitle "The collection of #$Titles, such as Mr., Ms., Mrs., Miss, Dr., etc., which precede names in Anglo-American addressing custom.") ;;; #$Cracking (#$isa #$Cracking #$ScriptType) (#$genls #$Cracking #$SeparationEvent) (#$genls #$Cracking #$IntrinsicStateChangeEvent) (#$genls #$Cracking #$PhysicalEvent) (#$comment #$Cracking "A collection of change events. In each #$Cracking, something becomes cracked. I.e., two or more areas of the thing are separated from one another (though perhaps not divided wholly into parts). In order to undergo a #$Cracking, the #$objectOfStateChange must be in a #$SolidStateOfMatter.") ;;; #$CreationEvent (#$isa #$CreationEvent #$TemporalObjectType) (#$isa #$CreationEvent #$ScriptType) (#$genls #$CreationEvent #$Action) (#$genls #$CreationEvent #$CreationOrDestructionEvent) (#$comment #$CreationEvent "A collection of events. In each element of #$CreationEvent, at least one instance of #$Entity (the #$outputsCreated) is brought into existence.") ;;; #$CreationOrDestructionEvent (#$isa #$CreationOrDestructionEvent #$TemporalObjectType) (#$genls #$CreationOrDestructionEvent #$PhysicalEvent) (#$comment #$CreationOrDestructionEvent "A collection of events. During each element of #$CreationOrDestructionEvent, one or more instances of #$Entity come into or go out of existence. Elements of this collection are the sorts of events that have #$inputs, #$outputs, #$products, #$wasteProducts, and #$byProducts. Examples of #$CreationOrDestructionEvent would include a particular campfire (a #$CombustionProcess), manufacturing a particular car, etc.") ;;; #$Credential (#$isa #$Credential #$ObjectType) (#$genls #$Credential #$PropositionalInformationThing) (#$genls #$Credential #$AbstractInformation) (#$genls #$Credential #$MentalObject) (#$genls #$Credential #$TemporalThing) (#$comment #$Credential "A collection of intangible objects which consist of propositional information about an agent. #$Credential is a subset of #$PropositionalInformationThing (q.v.). Each element of #$Credential is specific information about one agent, provided by another agent; the information content of a credential consists of favorable, enabling, or empowering propositional declarations. As represented in Cyc, credentials are intangible information, but each element of #$Credential usually has some associated physical document (e.g., a diploma associated with a college degree, a driver's license). A credential may certify that the holder (i.e., the subject of the credential) has a particular skill (e.g., legal bar certification, ability to drive); has completed certain training (e.g., GED schooling, Ph.D. requirements; is allowed to do a certain thing (e.g., travel visa, permission slip); and so on. Recommendations are considered a kind of credential.") ;;; #$CreditCard (#$isa #$CreditCard #$MoneyTenderType) (#$genls #$CreditCard #$TenderObject) (#$genls #$CreditCard #$Card) (#$genls #$CreditCard #$IDDocument) (#$genls #$CreditCard #$OfficialDocument) (#$genls #$CreditCard #$FinancialAccountTenderObject) (#$comment #$CreditCard "A collection of plastic cards. Each element of #$CreditCard is a piece of plastic that enables authorized users to spend the card-issuing company's money, drawn as a (usually unsecured) loan through an associated instance of #$CreditCardAccount under a pre-arranged credit agreement. The credit card company credits the vendor of the purchased goods or services and bills the card user, usually with interest.") ;;; #$Crevice (#$isa #$Crevice #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$Crevice #$Cavity) (#$comment #$Crevice "The collection of all long, slender cavities or cracks or furrows in otherwise solid objects.") ;;; #$CrimeDetection (#$isa #$CrimeDetection #$TemporalObjectType) (#$isa #$CrimeDetection #$ScriptType) (#$genls #$CrimeDetection #$PurposefulAction) (#$genls #$CrimeDetection #$HumanActivity) (#$comment #$CrimeDetection "This is the actual act of detecting a crime.") ;;; #$CubicCentimeter (#$isa #$CubicCentimeter #$UnitOfVolume) (#$isa #$CubicCentimeter #$UnitOfMeasureNoPrefix) (#$isa #$CubicCentimeter #$CGSUnitOfMeasure) (#$resultIsa #$CubicCentimeter #$Volume) (#$resultIsa #$CubicCentimeter #$ScalarInterval) (#$argsIsa #$CubicCentimeter #$CycSystemRealNumber) (#$comment #$CubicCentimeter "The measurement function used in Cyc to represent the Metric cc, a unit of measure for volume. See also #$CGSUnitOfMeasure, #$UnitOfMeasure.") ;;; #$Currency (#$isa #$Currency #$MoneyTenderType) (#$genls #$Currency #$PortableObject) (#$genls #$Currency #$InformationBearingObject) (#$genls #$Currency #$TenderObject) (#$genls #$Currency #$VisualInformationSource) (#$comment #$Currency "A collection of physical objects. An instance of #$Currency is a physical object generally accepted as legal tender (i.e., not checks or credit cards) and used as a means of transferring a quantity of #$Money between some elements of #$Agent. Elements of #$Currency may be coins, items of precious metal, paper bills for which precious objects are payable by a government to the bearer on demand, or unbacked paper bills required by a government to be accepted for payment of debts. Elements of #$Currency are typically backed by and issued by national governments. Note: This collection includes all instances of legal tender, worldwide and historically. But, for better or worse, the notion of legal tender is context-dependent. Normally what counts as currency is relative to the country one is in; legal tender in the United States is not the same as legal tender in China. (Though US dollars may have excellent value on the black market.) What counts as legal tender depends on historical events as well, since a government may change, withdraw, or cancel some types of currency it previously authorized. Also, conquest of one country by another usually brings about the collapse of the loser's currency. A Confederate ten dollar bill, e.g., is not an element of #$Currency in the context of twentieth century Alabama, even though it belongs to #$Currency in a different context.") ;;; #$CurvatureOfSurface (#$isa #$CurvatureOfSurface #$AttributeType) (#$genls #$CurvatureOfSurface #$AttributeValue) (#$comment #$CurvatureOfSurface "The collection of all surface curvature attributes. These may apply to a particular piece of a surface of an object, or to the whole surface. For real-world (non-mathematical) surfaces, there is ordinarily some tolerance for minor surface deviations that depends on the context. Thus a 'flat' surface may have relatively small bumps and crevices.") ;;; #$CuttingDevice (#$isa #$CuttingDevice #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$CuttingDevice #$PhysicalDevice) (#$comment #$CuttingDevice "A collection of devices. An instance of #$CuttingDevice is a device whose #$primaryFunction is to (enable its user to) cut another object. Subsets of #$CuttingDevice include the collections #$Razors, #$Scissors, #$LawnMowers,and more.") ;;; #$Cyc (#$isa #$Cyc #$TheTerm) (#$isa #$Cyc #$Cyclist) (#$comment #$Cyc "A computer program -- in fact, THIS computer program! -- which is also a Cyclist, hence entitled to inspect, modify, add, and delete units.") ;;; #$CycELVariable (#$isa #$CycELVariable #$ObjectType) (#$isa #$CycELVariable #$Collection) (#$genls #$CycELVariable #$CycSystemVariable) (#$genls #$CycELVariable #$CycSystemSymbol) (#$comment #$CycELVariable "The collection of variables that appear in elements of #$CycExpression. Strings used for elements of #$CycELVariable must begin with the character `?'; e.g., ?X, ?AGENT, ?PROP.") ;;; #$CycExpression (#$isa #$CycExpression #$LinguisticObjectType) (#$isa #$CycExpression #$Collection) (#$genls #$CycExpression #$AbstractInformation) (#$genls #$CycExpression #$ComputationalObject) (#$genls #$CycExpression #$Individual) (#$comment #$CycExpression "The collection of all syntactically legal CycL expressions. Note that CycL is NOT just first-order: this collection includes sets and propositions, as well as individuals and predicates.") ;;; #$CycFormula (#$isa #$CycFormula #$LinguisticObjectType) (#$isa #$CycFormula #$Collection) (#$genls #$CycFormula #$Proposition) (#$genls #$CycFormula #$LinguisticObject) (#$genls #$CycFormula #$CycExpression) (#$comment #$CycFormula "The collection of all well-formed CycL formulas. Every Cyc formula is a Cyc expression and a proposition; #$CycFormula is a subset of both #$CycExpression and #$Proposition. Example: (#$and (#$isa #$Pittman #$HumanCyclist) (#$residesInRegion #$Pittman #$CityOfAustinTX)). For a thorough discussion of what constitutes a well-formed CycL formula, see the Cyc documentation.") ;;; #$CycIndexedTerm (#$isa #$CycIndexedTerm #$Collection) (#$genls #$CycIndexedTerm #$Thing) (#$comment #$CycIndexedTerm "Elements of #$CycIndexedTerm are objects that are indexed in the Cyc kb (e.g., kb constants, kb assertions).") ;;; #$CycSystemAtom (#$isa #$CycSystemAtom #$ObjectType) (#$genls #$CycSystemAtom #$CycSystemListOrAtom) (#$comment #$CycSystemAtom "A collection of the atomic data belonging to the CycL substrate of the Cyc System. Elements of #$CycSystemAtom cannot be decomposed (e.g., a symbol).") ;;; #$CycSystemAtomWithValue (#$isa #$CycSystemAtomWithValue #$ObjectType) (#$genls #$CycSystemAtomWithValue #$CycSystemAtom) (#$comment #$CycSystemAtomWithValue "A sub-collection of the atomic data belonging to the CycL substrate of the Cyc System. Each element of #$CycSystemAtomWithValue is an atomic datum that has a value (e.g., 2) associated with it.") ;;; #$CycSystemList (#$isa #$CycSystemList #$ObjectType) (#$isa #$CycSystemList #$Collection) (#$genls #$CycSystemList #$List-Sequence) (#$genls #$CycSystemList #$CycSystemListOrAtom) (#$genls #$CycSystemList #$Individual) (#$comment #$CycSystemList "A collection of tuples (see #$Tuple). Each element of #$CycSystemList is an ordered list of items enclosed in parentheses. Cyc system lists are those things that pass the #$defnIff LISTP, i.e., those things considered by the Cyc System to be lists.") ;;; #$CycSystemListOrAtom (#$isa #$CycSystemListOrAtom #$ObjectType) (#$genls #$CycSystemListOrAtom #$CycSystemObject) (#$comment #$CycSystemListOrAtom "A collection including both the lists and the atomic data belonging to the CycL substrate of the Cyc System.") ;;; #$CycSystemObject (#$isa #$CycSystemObject #$ObjectType) (#$genls #$CycSystemObject #$ComputationalObject) (#$comment #$CycSystemObject "The collection of computational (i.e., abstract, intangible, syntactically structured) objects which make up Cyc's CycL-based system.") ;;; #$CycSystemRealNumber (#$isa #$CycSystemRealNumber #$ObjectType) (#$isa #$CycSystemRealNumber #$Collection) (#$genls #$CycSystemRealNumber #$CycSystemAtomWithValue) (#$genls #$CycSystemRealNumber #$RealNumber) (#$comment #$CycSystemRealNumber "#$CycSystemRealNumber is the set of all numbers which satisfy the #$defnSufficient NUMBERP (i.e., the set of numbers which are considered reals or integers by CycL). Thus, 3.14, 0, and -0.004 are legitimate elements of #$CycSystemRealNumber. But (#$Meter 6), (#$Unity 3.3), :34, #$PlusInfinity, and Avogadro's number are NOT legitimate elements of #$CycSystemRealNumber.") ;;; #$CycSystemString (#$isa #$CycSystemString #$Collection) (#$genls #$CycSystemString #$CycSystemAtom) (#$genls #$CycSystemString #$Individual) (#$comment #$CycSystemString "Each #$CycSystemString is a sequence of characters enclosed within double quotes") ;;; #$CycSystemSymbol (#$isa #$CycSystemSymbol #$ObjectType) (#$isa #$CycSystemSymbol #$Collection) (#$genls #$CycSystemSymbol #$CycSystemAtom) (#$genls #$CycSystemSymbol #$Individual) (#$comment #$CycSystemSymbol "A collection of symbolic atomic terms, namely, all those things that satisfy the definition of a symbol in the Cyc system. Every element of #$CycSystemSymbol satisfies the Heuristic Level (SubL) #$defnIff SYMBOLP. Such terms cannot include numbers or strings (i.e., they must be symbolic), nor can they include lists, non-reified function terms, or axioms (i.e., they must be atomic).") ;;; #$CycSystemVariable (#$isa #$CycSystemVariable #$ObjectType) (#$genls #$CycSystemVariable #$CycSystemSymbol) (#$comment #$CycSystemVariable "The collection of atomic data, each element of which denotes a variable within CycL and therefore can have a value associated with it during inferencing. #$CycSystemVariable excludes Cyc System symbols which designate constants or strings.") ;;; #$CyclicalIntervalGroupType (#$isa #$CyclicalIntervalGroupType #$Collection) (#$genls #$CyclicalIntervalGroupType #$MutuallyDisjointIntervalCollection) (#$comment #$CyclicalIntervalGroupType "(#$isa ?X #$CyclicalIntervalGroupType) means that ?X is a collection of interval types whose instances recur in a set pattern throughout all of calendar history. ?X must partition all of time: the elements of ?X must be mutually disjoint, and unioned altogether they must encompass all time. For example, ?X could be the set of the seven calendar days (Monday through Sunday), or the set of the twelve calendar months (January through December). I.e., (#$isa #$DayOfWeekType #$CyclicalIntervalGroupType) and (#$isa #$MonthOfYearType #$CyclicalIntervalGroupType). `Recurring in a set pattern' generally means that one can put the elements of ?X in order, say X1, X2,..., Xn, and there will be an instance of X1 immediately followed by an instance of X2 (that instance x2a of X2 will be #$contiguousAfter that instance x1a of X1), and there will be an instance of X3 immediately following that particular instance of X2, and there will be an instance of X4 immediately following that instance of X3, etc. One final note: when we arrange elements of ?X into such a pattern X1,...Xn (whose repetitions then `tile' all time), n may be larger than the cardinality of ?X. E.g., ?X might be the set with just the 2 elements WeekendDay (the union of the set #$Saturday and the set #$Sunday) and WeekDay, and then the arrangement that tiles all time is 5 contiguous WeekDays followed by 2 contiguous WeekendDays.") ;;; #$Cyclist (#$isa #$Cyclist #$Collection) (#$genls #$Cyclist #$TemporalThing) (#$comment #$Cyclist "The set of actors (mostly people) entitled to inspect and modify the Cyc knowledge base") ;;; #$CyclistsMt (#$isa #$CyclistsMt #$Microtheory) (#$genlMt #$CyclistsMt #$BaseKB) (#$comment #$CyclistsMt "A #$Microtheory for stating basic hierarchical (#$isa and #$genls) information pertaining to users of #$Cyc.") ;;; #$CylinderFn (#$isa #$CylinderFn #$ShapeFunction) (#$resultIsa #$CylinderFn #$ThreeDimensionalShape) (#$resultIsa #$CylinderFn #$AbstractShape) (#$arg1Isa #$CylinderFn #$Distance) (#$arg2Isa #$CylinderFn #$Distance) (#$comment #$CylinderFn "The Cyc function #$CylinderFn is a #$ShapeFunction (q.v.). (#$CylinderFn L D) that returns an abstract cylinder of length L and diameter D. For example, a particular beer mug #$canContainShapes (#$CylinderFn (#$Inch 10) (#$Inch 5)).") ;;; #$DailyPersonalCleaning (#$isa #$DailyPersonalCleaning #$TemporalObjectType) (#$isa #$DailyPersonalCleaning #$DefaultDisjointScriptType) (#$genls #$DailyPersonalCleaning #$Cleaning) (#$comment #$DailyPersonalCleaning "A collection of events. Each #$DailyPersonalCleaning encompasses the standard cleaning and grooming activities that an animal engages in over the course of a day. Such a `daily routine' is almost sure to include many brief grooming and cleaning actions, such as licking one's paws, combing one's hair, washing one's hands, shaving, bathing, etc., and those are sub-events of that #$DailyPersonalCleaning event. For example, a human's #$DailyPersonalCleaning might have a #$TeethCleaning as one of its sub-events, along with a #$TakingABath, two instances of #$CombingHair, etc. Note: Those specialized kinds of events, like #$CombingHair, are NOT subsets of #$DailyPersonalCleaning, since it would be abnormal for someone to JUST comb their hair each day (and do absolutely no other daily cleaning activity whatsoever). Note: In the context #$HumanActivitiesMt --- where all the performers of actions are, by default, human beings --- #$DailyPersonalCleaning designates human grooming activities only. In that microtheory, dog-grooming performed by human beings does not constitute #$DailyPersonalCleaning, even if it happens on a daily basis for some pampered poodle, as it is not PERSONAL (i.e, self-) cleaning.") ;;; #$Database-AbstractContent (#$isa #$Database-AbstractContent #$ObjectType) (#$genls #$Database-AbstractContent #$IndexedInfoSource) (#$comment #$Database-AbstractContent "The collection of all databases, as abstract repositories of information rather than as physical storage devices. A database generally has some means of accessing the data from structured records, frames or relational structures, using some query language. A particular #$Database-AbstractContent may exist in multiple copies, and may be distributed over several different physical data storage sites: see also #$Database-Physical.") ;;; #$Database-Physical (#$isa #$Database-Physical #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$Database-Physical #$CompositeTangibleAndIntangibleObject) (#$genls #$Database-Physical #$InformationBearingObject) (#$genls #$Database-Physical #$StructuredInformationSource) (#$comment #$Database-Physical "A collection of information bearing objects (IBOs); a subset of #$StructuredInformationSource. Each element of #$Database-Physical is an IBO that stores many pieces of information, organized for easy scanning and access. Typically, a data base involves one or more formatted data record schemes, together with some device for searching and retrieving data. Note that, as an IBO, a #$Database-Physical is some particular, tangible copy of a database. To refer to the abstract 'content' of a database, use #$Database-AbstractContent.") ;;; #$Date (#$isa #$Date #$Collection) (#$isa #$Date #$TemporalObjectType) (#$genls #$Date #$TemporalThing) (#$genls #$Date #$TimeInterval) (#$comment #$Date "#$Date is a subset of #$TimeInterval. A #$Date is any #$TimeInterval which can be defined purely by its location on the calendar. Thus a #$Date could be a particular calendar day, a particular calendar quarter, a particular calendar month, a particular decade, etc. So the subsets of #$Date include #$CalendarMinute, #$CalendarQuarter, etc., as well as #$CalendarDay.") ;;; #$DateAfterFn (#$not (#$isa #$DateAfterFn #$ModalRelationship)) (#$isa #$DateAfterFn #$EvaluatableFunction) (#$isa #$DateAfterFn #$NonPredicateFunction) (#$resultIsa #$DateAfterFn #$Date) (#$arg1Isa #$DateAfterFn #$Date) (#$arg2Isa #$DateAfterFn #$Time-Quantity) (#$comment #$DateAfterFn "Like #$PlusFn, but for #$Dates. (#$DateAfterFn ?DATE ?DUR) returns a #$Date which is ?DUR amount of time after ?DATE. For example, (#$DateAfterFn (#$YearFn 1950) (#$YearsDuration 10)) returns (#$YearFn 1960). See also #$DateBeforeFn, #$TimeElapsedFn.") ;;; #$DateBeforeFn (#$not (#$isa #$DateBeforeFn #$ModalRelationship)) (#$isa #$DateBeforeFn #$EvaluatableFunction) (#$isa #$DateBeforeFn #$NonPredicateFunction) (#$resultIsa #$DateBeforeFn #$Date) (#$arg1Isa #$DateBeforeFn #$Date) (#$arg2Isa #$DateBeforeFn #$Time-Quantity) (#$comment #$DateBeforeFn "Like #$DifferenceFn, but for #$Dates. (#$DateBeforeFn ?DATE ?DUR) returns a #$Date which is ?DUR amount of time before ?DATE. For example, (#$DateBeforeFn (#$YearFn 1999) (#$YearsDuration 1)) returns (#$YearFn 1998). See also #$DateAfterFn, #$TimeElapsedFn.") ;;; #$Dawn (#$isa #$Dawn #$TemporalObjectType) (#$isa #$Dawn #$ScriptType) (#$genls #$Dawn #$Twilight) (#$genls #$Dawn #$QualitativeTimeOfDay) (#$comment #$Dawn "Each instance of #$Dawn is a dimly-lit period before a #$Sunrise.") ;;; #$DayFn (#$isa #$DayFn #$IndividualDenotingFunction) (#$isa #$DayFn #$NonPredicateFunction) (#$resultIsa #$DayFn #$CalendarDay) (#$arg1Isa #$DayFn #$PositiveInteger) (#$arg2Isa #$DayFn #$CalendarMonth) (#$comment #$DayFn "(#$DayFn ?D ?MNTH) denotes a #$CalendarDay -- in particular, the day number ?D of month ?MNTH. For example, (#$DayFn 14 (#$MonthFn #$February (#$YearFn 1966))) denotes Feb. 14th, 1966") ;;; #$DaysDuration (#$isa #$DaysDuration #$UnitOfTime) (#$isa #$DaysDuration #$UnitOfMeasureNoPrefix) (#$isa #$DaysDuration #$UnitOfMeasure) (#$resultIsa #$DaysDuration #$ScalarInterval) (#$resultIsa #$DaysDuration #$Time-Quantity) (#$argsIsa #$DaysDuration #$CycSystemRealNumber) (#$comment #$DaysDuration "This is a function that takes one or two numbers and returns, as its value, some amount of #$Time. An expression of the form (#$DaysDuration ?min ?max) denotes a quantity of #$Time that is at least ?min Days and at most ?max Days. (#$DaysDuration ?num) denotes a quantity of #$Time that is exactly ?num days.") ;;; #$DaytimeWorkingHours (#$isa #$DaytimeWorkingHours #$TemporalObjectType) (#$genls #$DaytimeWorkingHours #$TimeOfDay) (#$comment #$DaytimeWorkingHours "#$DaytimeWorkingHours is a set of time intervals. The length of each of those intervals, and their #$startingPoint and #$endingPoint, are defined by the bulk of a working population performing their daily jobs. The schedule varies by context -- i.e. which group of workers are being considered -- and the boundaries are fuzzy. This fuzziness makes the concept more useful in many ways, though, not less useful.") ;;; #$DeadAnimal (#$isa #$DeadAnimal #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$DeadAnimal #$OrganicStuff) (#$comment #$DeadAnimal "A subset of #$OrganicStuff (and not, of course, of #$Animal, whose elements must be alive). Each element of #$DeadAnimal is a corpse or partial remains of an individual animal, somewhat intact, and prior to any butchering, burning, cooking, dissolving, or fully decomposing.") ;;; #$DeadLanguage (#$isa #$DeadLanguage #$ObjectType) (#$genls #$DeadLanguage #$NaturalLanguage) (#$comment #$DeadLanguage "A subset of #$NaturalLanguage. Each element of #$DeadLanguage is a natural language that is no longer spoken as a native language.") ;;; #$December (#$isa #$December #$MonthOfYearType) (#$genls #$December #$CalendarMonth) ;;; #$DecidingWhichInstrumentPredicateToUse (#$isa #$DecidingWhichInstrumentPredicateToUse #$SharedNote) (#$comment #$DecidingWhichInstrumentPredicateToUse "Which instrument predicate you use depends on what level of generality you wish your statement to apply at. One help is to look at the argument types of each instrument predicate and decide. Do you want it to apply to every #$PartiallyTangible which is an instrument? Then use #$instrument-Generic since #$PartiallyTangible is its #$arg1Isa. Are you writing a rule which really only applies to #$PhysicalDevices Then use #$deviceUsed. But be careful! When you use a more specific predicate such as #$deviceUsed it may have special extra conditions in its definition aside from the #$PhysicalDevice #$arg1Isa constraint. Also if your first stab at the rule involves #$deviceUsed in the antecedent, see if it applies more generally to #$instrument-Generic.") ;;; #$DeciduousPlant (#$isa #$DeciduousPlant #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$DeciduousPlant #$Plant-Woody) (#$comment #$DeciduousPlant "A collection of plants. Each element of #$DeciduousPlant is a plant which sheds all of its leaves once a year, seasonally, and subsequently grows new ones.") ;;; #$DecompositionEvent (#$isa #$DecompositionEvent #$TemporalObjectType) (#$isa #$DecompositionEvent #$DefaultDisjointScriptType) (#$genls #$DecompositionEvent #$DestructionEvent) (#$genls #$DecompositionEvent #$DecompositionProcess) (#$comment #$DecompositionEvent "The collection of events in which one or more objects decompose more or less completely. See also the more general concept #$DecompositionProcess, in whose instances objects at least partially decompose.") ;;; #$DecompositionProcess (#$isa #$DecompositionProcess #$TemporalStuffType) (#$isa #$DecompositionProcess #$DefaultDisjointScriptType) (#$genls #$DecompositionProcess #$TransformationProcess) (#$comment #$DecompositionProcess "A collection of events in which some object decomposes. I.e., in a #$DecompositionProcess event, some object's matter undergoes chemical reactions (sometimes mediated by microorganisms) that eventually result in the object losing its shape and material characteristics. This may sometimes superficially resemble #$Melting, but it is a different process.") ;;; #$Decrypting (#$isa #$Decrypting #$TemporalObjectType) (#$genls #$Decrypting #$IBTRecoding) (#$comment #$Decrypting "The collection of actions in which an encrypted IBO (#$InformationBearingObject) is transformed so that it can be accessed.") ;;; #$DefaultDisjointFoodType (#$isa #$DefaultDisjointFoodType #$SiblingDisjointCollection) (#$genls #$DefaultDisjointFoodType #$ProductType) (#$comment #$DefaultDisjointFoodType "A collection of collections. Each instance of #$DefaultDisjointFoodType is a collection of beverages or foodstuffs (a subset of #$Food or #$FoodIngredientOnly). More to the point, this collection-of-collections is a #$SiblingDisjointCollection (qv). So every two instances of #$DefaultDisjointFoodType are either disjoint, or are in a known subset/superset relationship, or have some known (reified) common specialization. Virtually every commonly-named type of food will be an element of this set-of-sets. E.g., the collections #$HotDog, #$ChickenSoup, #$Cocoa-ThePowder, #$Prune, #$ToasterTart, #$MilkPowder, and so on. One could easily define a collection of foodstuff and beverages, such as The-Food-That-Was-Eaten-In-Dallas-Yesterday, that would not be a member of this set-of-sets, but most such collections are not worth naming and keeping around. See the concept #$SiblingDisjointCollection for more information about this sort of arrangement.") ;;; #$DefaultDisjointScriptType (#$isa #$DefaultDisjointScriptType #$SiblingDisjointCollection) (#$genls #$DefaultDisjointScriptType #$ScriptType) (#$comment #$DefaultDisjointScriptType "This is a #$SiblingDisjointCollection (qv). So the elements of #$DefaultDisjointScriptType are kinds of actions (subsets of #$Event) that can be assumed to be mutually disjoint from each other (unless one is known to be a subset of the other, or there is a known common subset.)") ;;; #$DefaultMonotonicPredicate (#$isa #$DefaultMonotonicPredicate #$ObjectType) (#$isa #$DefaultMonotonicPredicate #$Collection) (#$genls #$DefaultMonotonicPredicate #$Predicate) (#$comment #$DefaultMonotonicPredicate "A collection of predicates. Each element of #$DefaultMonotonicPredicate is a predicate whose use as the predicate of a locally asserted ground formula causes that formula to be entered, by default, as :MONOTONIC. Examples: #$isa, #$genls, #$disjointWith, #$equals, #$arity, #$arg1Isa.") ;;; #$DegenerationEvent (#$isa #$DegenerationEvent #$TemporalObjectType) (#$isa #$DegenerationEvent #$DefaultDisjointScriptType) (#$genls #$DegenerationEvent #$IncurringDamage) (#$comment #$DegenerationEvent "A collection of events. In each #$DegenerationEvent, some object loses its function(s) through a process of deterioration and/or a series of discrete breakdowns.") ;;; #$Degree-UnitOfAngularMeasure (#$isa #$Degree-UnitOfAngularMeasure #$UnitOfAngularDistance) (#$isa #$Degree-UnitOfAngularMeasure #$UnitOfMeasureNoPrefix) (#$resultIsa #$Degree-UnitOfAngularMeasure #$PhysicalAttribute) (#$resultIsa #$Degree-UnitOfAngularMeasure #$ScalarInterval) (#$argsIsa #$Degree-UnitOfAngularMeasure #$CycSystemRealNumber) (#$comment #$Degree-UnitOfAngularMeasure "The basic unit to measure the size of angles, in the Imperial system of measurement. 360 degrees = 1 complete circle") ;;; #$DegreeCelsius (#$isa #$DegreeCelsius #$UnitOfTemperature) (#$isa #$DegreeCelsius #$MKSUnitOfMeasure) (#$isa #$DegreeCelsius #$UnitOfMeasureNoPrefix) (#$resultIsa #$DegreeCelsius #$Temperature) (#$resultIsa #$DegreeCelsius #$ScalarInterval) (#$argsIsa #$DegreeCelsius #$CycSystemRealNumber) (#$comment #$DegreeCelsius "The standard unit of temperature in much of the world and also in CYC.") ;;; #$DegreeFahrenheit (#$isa #$DegreeFahrenheit #$UnitOfTemperature) (#$isa #$DegreeFahrenheit #$UnitOfMeasureNoPrefix) (#$resultIsa #$DegreeFahrenheit #$Temperature) (#$resultIsa #$DegreeFahrenheit #$ScalarInterval) (#$argsIsa #$DegreeFahrenheit #$CycSystemRealNumber) (#$comment #$DegreeFahrenheit "The unit of measure on the Fahrenheit scale; mainly used in the USA") ;;; #$DegreeKelvin (#$isa #$DegreeKelvin #$UnitOfTemperature) (#$isa #$DegreeKelvin #$StandardUnitOfMeasure) (#$isa #$DegreeKelvin #$UnitOfMeasureNoPrefix) (#$resultIsa #$DegreeKelvin #$Temperature) (#$resultIsa #$DegreeKelvin #$ScalarInterval) (#$argsIsa #$DegreeKelvin #$CycSystemRealNumber) (#$comment #$DegreeKelvin "The unit of measure on the Kelvin or Absolute temperature scale; mainly used in science; note that the size of this unit is equal to the size of a DegreeCentrigrade.") ;;; #$Density (#$isa #$Density #$DerivedNumericAttributeType) (#$genls #$Density #$ScalarInterval) (#$genls #$Density #$PhysicalAttribute) (#$comment #$Density "A collection of physical attributes. Each element of #$Density is a measurable physical property of a tangible object, namely, its mass per volume. Densities may be represented relative to certain substances, e.g., #$SaltWaterDensity, #$FreshWaterDensity, #$DenseAsOil. Densities of objects are reported using the predicate #$densityOfObject.") ;;; #$Dentist (#$isa #$Dentist #$OccupationType) (#$genls #$Dentist #$MedicalCareProfessional) (#$comment #$Dentist "The collection of doctors that are trained with diagnosing and treating diseases of the gums and teeth.") ;;; #$DerivedNumericAttributeType (#$isa #$DerivedNumericAttributeType #$Collection) (#$genls #$DerivedNumericAttributeType #$MeasurableAttributeType) (#$comment #$DerivedNumericAttributeType "A collection of collections. Each element of #$DerivedNumericAttributeType is a collection of measurable attributes that are measured in complex units, including #$Volume, #$Area, #$Acceleration, etc. The types of attributes in #$DerivedNumericAttributeType are `derived' from other, fundamental attributes (such as #$Distance and #$Mass) which are measured in simple units. Cf. #$FundamentalNumericAttributeType.") ;;; #$DesertClimateCycle (#$isa #$DesertClimateCycle #$ClimateCycleType) (#$genls #$DesertClimateCycle #$AnnualClimateCycle) (#$genls #$DesertClimateCycle #$TemperateClimateCycle) (#$comment #$DesertClimateCycle "The attribute of having a desert climate. Wide termperature extremes from very hot in day to cold at night. Very little precipitation on a year-long basis, although there may be desert storms.") ;;; #$DeskWorker (#$isa #$DeskWorker #$OccupationType) (#$genls #$DeskWorker #$Professional) (#$comment #$DeskWorker "A collection of persons; a subset of #$Professional. This is a general category of workers that generally sit at desks, as opposed to those who do factory work or outside work, etc. Subsets include #$Administrator, #$ComputerOperator, and #$Secretary.") ;;; #$DestructionEvent (#$isa #$DestructionEvent #$TemporalObjectType) (#$isa #$DestructionEvent #$ScriptType) (#$genls #$DestructionEvent #$CreationOrDestructionEvent) (#$comment #$DestructionEvent "A collection of events. In each element of #$DestructionEvent, at least one instance of #$Entity (the #$inputsDestroyed) ceases to exist.") ;;; #$Device-SingleUser (#$isa #$Device-SingleUser #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$Device-SingleUser #$PartiallyTangible) (#$genls #$Device-SingleUser #$PhysicalDevice) (#$comment #$Device-SingleUser "A collection of devices. One can classify devices according to how many simultaneous users they typically have. An instance of #$Device-SingleUser is any device that typically has/requires exactly one (i.e., one and only one) user. A screwdriver (an instance of #$Screwdriver) is a #$Device-SingleUser, but a grand piano (an instance of #$GrandPiano) is not. A borderline non-example is a car --- although only one person operates it, several can `use' it at once, i.e. derive the value of its primary function which is transportation. So a car is not a #$Device-SingleUser. A borderline example is a telephone -- although it requires two or more users (each on telephones) for meaningful use, each phone generally has just one user at a time. So a telephone is a #$Device-SingleUser but a telephone-circuit is not.") ;;; #$Device-UserPowered (#$isa #$Device-UserPowered #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$Device-UserPowered #$SolidTangibleThing) (#$genls #$Device-UserPowered #$MusclePoweredDevice) ;;; #$DeviceRunning (#$isa #$DeviceRunning #$TemporalStuffType) (#$isa #$DeviceRunning #$DefaultDisjointScriptType) (#$genls #$DeviceRunning #$PhysicalEvent) (#$comment #$DeviceRunning "A collection of events. An instance of #$DeviceRunning is an event in which some device is running. This collection includes events which are complete cycles of a device's normal function (see #$SingleCompleteRunOfADevice) as well as random time slices (#$timeSlices) of them running. Examples include instances of the collections #$AirplaneTakeOff, #$SkateBoarding, #$RidingAMotorcycle, etc. Some stranger examples --- which are not instances of #$SingleCompleteRunOfADevice --- include: all the the ignition phases of the firing of my Honda's engine during November of 1996; my TV when it was on and showing a commercial this year; my TV when it was on and I was watching it this week.") ;;; #$DeviceState (#$isa #$DeviceState #$UnorderedAttributeType) (#$genls #$DeviceState #$AttributeValue) (#$comment #$DeviceState "A collection of states that devices can be in, including: #$DeviceOn, #$DeviceOff, #$RecordingStates, #$CockedState, #$Folded, #$OffHook, #$Unlocked, and many others.") ;;; #$Dexterity (#$isa #$Dexterity #$ScriptPerformanceAttributeType) (#$genls #$Dexterity #$ScriptPerformanceAttribute) (#$comment #$Dexterity "#$Dexterity is the #$ScriptPerformanceAttributeType for describing actions in which the performer's hands move accurately, quickly, and with economy of motion.") ;;; #$DiagnosingAndRepairingSomething (#$isa #$DiagnosingAndRepairingSomething #$DefaultDisjointScriptType) (#$genls #$DiagnosingAndRepairingSomething #$IntrinsicStateChangeEvent) (#$genls #$DiagnosingAndRepairingSomething #$ActionOnObject) (#$genls #$DiagnosingAndRepairingSomething #$PurposefulAction) (#$genls #$DiagnosingAndRepairingSomething #$HumanActivity) (#$comment #$DiagnosingAndRepairingSomething "The collection of all actions of diagnosing and repairing something, in a very broad sense. Such events can range from fixing a #$PhysicalDevice (e.g., the last time you took your car in to be fixed), to killing pests that infest a place. All such actions involve an intrinsic change in the thing which undergoes repairs. Notice that a diagnosis action alone, or a repair action alone, would not be elements of this collection; they could be #$subEvents of an element of this collection.") ;;; #$DietaryDeficiencyCondition (#$isa #$DietaryDeficiencyCondition #$PhysiologicalConditionType) (#$genls #$DietaryDeficiencyCondition #$Malnutrition) (#$comment #$DietaryDeficiencyCondition "The collection of physiological conditions brought on by consuming less of a nutrient than the body requires.") ;;; #$DifferenceFn (#$isa #$DifferenceFn #$FunctionFromQuantitiesToQuantities) (#$isa #$DifferenceFn #$NonPredicateFunction) (#$isa #$DifferenceFn #$EvaluatableFunction) (#$resultIsa #$DifferenceFn #$ScalarInterval) (#$arg1Isa #$DifferenceFn #$ScalarInterval) (#$arg2Isa #$DifferenceFn #$ScalarInterval) (#$comment #$DifferenceFn "#$DifferenceFn is Cyc's subtraction operator; it is a binary mathematical function. (#$DifferenceFn MINUEND SUBTRAHEND) yields a new quantity that is the result of subtracting SUBTRAHEND from MINUEND. Both arguments to #$DifferenceFn must be elements of #$ScalarInterval, as is its result. Examples: (#$DifferenceFn 88 11) returns 77; (#$DifferenceFn (#$Kilogram 4.2) (#$Kilogram 3)) returns (#$Kilogram 1.2).") ;;; #$DigestionEvent (#$isa #$DigestionEvent #$DefaultDisjointScriptType) (#$genls #$DigestionEvent #$SingleDoerAction) (#$genls #$DigestionEvent #$BiologicalDecompositionEvent) (#$genls #$DigestionEvent #$BodyMovementEvent) (#$comment #$DigestionEvent "A collection of events. For most animals, a #$DigestionEvent starts at the mouth and, for most vertebrates, end at the anus. This concept should not be confused with #$DigestingInStomach, whose instances occur only in an organism's #$Stomach. A #$DigestionEvent spans the whole #$DigestiveSystem, from start to finish.") ;;; #$DigestiveSystem (#$isa #$DigestiveSystem #$AnimalBodyPartType) (#$genls #$DigestiveSystem #$BiologicalLivingObject) (#$genls #$DigestiveSystem #$AnimalBodyPart) (#$comment #$DigestiveSystem "The collection of all animals' digestive systems. A #$DigestiveSystem is a system of organs and other body parts (typically of #$Vertebrates) which work together to accomplish the digestion function.") ;;; #$DimensionlessUnitOfMeasure (#$isa #$DimensionlessUnitOfMeasure #$InterconvertibleUnitType) (#$genls #$DimensionlessUnitOfMeasure #$UnitOfMeasure) (#$comment #$DimensionlessUnitOfMeasure "A subset of #$UnitOfMeasure. #$DimensionlessUnitOfMeasure is the collection of measurement functions whose results are elements of #$ScalarInterval which have no dimension; i.e., they are simply numbers, instances of #$IntervalOnNumberLine. Examples include #$Percent, #$Unity, #$Thousandths. (#$Percent 50) returns the point-interval, one-half (0.5). (#$Unity 3 4) returns the interval that is the range of numbers between 3 and 4, inclusive.") ;;; #$DirectedTranslation (#$isa #$DirectedTranslation #$ScriptType) (#$isa #$DirectedTranslation #$TemporalStuffType) (#$genls #$DirectedTranslation #$PurposefulAction) (#$genls #$DirectedTranslation #$Movement-TranslationEvent) (#$comment #$DirectedTranslation "A collection of events; a subset of #$Movement-TranslationEvent. Each instance of #$DirectedTranslation is a movement event that is #$performedBy an #$Agent --- that agent intends for the #$objectMoving to reach a particular #$target. Examples: William Tell shooting the arrow off his son's head, John Wilkes Booth shooting Abraham Lincoln, the last time you tossed a frisbee to someone, a pilot landing an airplane, and a skiier skiing one run of the downhill course.") ;;; #$DirectionExpression (#$isa #$DirectionExpression #$Collection) (#$genls #$DirectionExpression #$UnitVectorInterval) (#$comment #$DirectionExpression "A collection of vectors; a subset of #$UnitVectorInterval. Each element of #$DirectionExpression is a vector representing a direction. Typically these expressions are used to indicate direction between two objects or locations. An important subset of this collection is #$GeographicalDirection; e.g., #$South-Directly, #$NorthWest-Directly.") ;;; #$Dirtiness (#$isa #$Dirtiness #$PrimitiveAttributeType) (#$genls #$Dirtiness #$AttributeValue) (#$genls #$Dirtiness #$ScalarInterval) (#$comment #$Dirtiness "A collection of attributes. Dirtiness is a measurable attribute that many tangible objects have. Each element of the collection #$Dirtiness represents a specific level of dirtiness (or cleanliness!); e.g., #$Dirty, #$ReallyDirty, #$ALittleDirty, #$Clean, #$Sterile. Indicate a particular object's #$Dirtiness with the predicate #$dirtinessOfObject.") ;;; #$Disappointment (#$isa #$Disappointment #$FeelingAttributeType) (#$genls #$Disappointment #$Dissatisfaction) (#$genls #$Disappointment #$Surprise) (#$genls #$Disappointment #$Sadness) (#$comment #$Disappointment "The emotion or state of feeling defeated in expectation or hope. This is a collection; for an explanation of a typical #$FeelingAttributeType, see #$Happiness.") ;;; #$Disapproval (#$isa #$Disapproval #$FeelingAttributeType) (#$genls #$Disapproval #$FeelingAttribute) (#$comment #$Disapproval "The emotion or state of disapproving of something; a negative attitude towards some situation, proposal, person, or thing, implying a judgment based on explicit or implicit standards (rational, moral, pragmatic, or etc.). This is a collection; for an explanation of a typical #$FeelingAttributeType, see #$Happiness. More specialized #$FeelingAttributeTypes than #$Disapproval are #$Contempt, #$Hate, #$Abhorrence, etc. More subtly, it is often true that feelings of #$Jealousy or #$Envy manifest in superficial shows of #$Disapproval. #$Disapproval is a #$Collection --- for an explanation of that, see #$Happiness.") ;;; #$DisasterEvent (#$isa #$DisasterEvent #$TemporalObjectType) (#$isa #$DisasterEvent #$ScriptType) (#$genls #$DisasterEvent #$DestructionEvent) (#$comment #$DisasterEvent "A collection of events. In each #$DisasterEvent, a large group of people (or, in decreasing order of likelihood of usage of this concept, a large group of animals, plants, corporations, etc.) are at very high risk of injury or property damage, or in which a lot of injury and property damage occurs even though the risk was low.") ;;; #$Disgust (#$isa #$Disgust #$FeelingAttributeType) (#$genls #$Disgust #$Dislike) (#$comment #$Disgust "A feeling of repulsion or aversion towards something considered distasteful or repugnant. This is a #$Collection --- for an explanation of that, see #$Happiness. Some more specialized #$FeelingAttributeTypes than #$Disgust include feelings of #$Abhorrence.") ;;; #$DisjointSetOrCollection (#$isa #$DisjointSetOrCollection #$Collection) (#$genls #$DisjointSetOrCollection #$SetOrCollection) (#$comment #$DisjointSetOrCollection "A collection of mathematical sets and collections the members of which are themselves mathematical sets or collections. A set or collection, SETORCOL, of sets or collections is an instance of #$DisjointSetOrCollection just in case the elements of SETORCOL are mutually disjoint -- that is, no two elements of SETORCOL have any elements in common.") (#$synonymousExternalConcept #$DisjointSetOrCollection #$SENSUS-Information1997 "DISJUNCTIVE-SET") ;;; #$Dislike (#$isa #$Dislike #$FeelingAttributeType) (#$genls #$Dislike #$FeelingAttribute) (#$comment #$Dislike "A feeling of disaffection or disaffinity for a person or thing. This is a #$Collection --- for an explanation of that, see #$Happiness. Some more specialized #$FeelingAttributeTypes than #$Dislike are #$Disgust, #$Contempt, #$Hate, #$Resentment, etc.") ;;; #$DisputeEvent (#$isa #$DisputeEvent #$TemporalObjectType) (#$isa #$DisputeEvent #$DefaultDisjointScriptType) (#$genls #$DisputeEvent #$HostileSocialAction) (#$comment #$DisputeEvent "A collection of events with multiple participants. In each #$DisputeEvent, some participants seek to achieve states of affairs that other participants seek to prevent. Disputes may or may not get settled. Settlement of a dispute may be by fighting, by competition, by using a mediator or court, by chance, by mutual reasoning, etc.") ;;; #$Dissatisfaction (#$isa #$Dissatisfaction #$FeelingAttributeType) (#$genls #$Dissatisfaction #$FeelingAttribute) (#$comment #$Dissatisfaction "Feeling of discontent, due to a lack of fulfillment of an agent's desires, needs, or requirements. This is a collection; for an explanation of a typical #$FeelingAttributeType, see #$Happiness. Some more specialized #$FeelingAttributeTypes than #$Dissatisfaction are #$Disappointment, #$Frustration, #$Impatience, #$Anger, etc. ") ;;; #$Dissolving (#$isa #$Dissolving #$TemporalStuffType) (#$isa #$Dissolving #$DefaultDisjointScriptType) (#$genls #$Dissolving #$DestructionEvent) (#$comment #$Dissolving "A collection of events. In each instance of this collection, a solvent and a solute mix to form a solution.") ;;; #$Distance (#$isa #$Distance #$FundamentalNumericAttributeType) (#$genls #$Distance #$ScalarInterval) (#$genls #$Distance #$PhysicalAttribute) (#$comment #$Distance "A collection of physical attributes. Each element of #$Distance is the length of a path in space extending from one point to another. Elements of #$Distance may be either a fixed interval, such as the height of the #$WashingtonMonumentInWashingtonDC, or a range, such as #$WithinAudibleDistance (see #$ScalarInterval for more explanation). Also, see #$UnitOfDistance for the units used by Cyc to measure distances.") ;;; #$DistributingMetaKnowledgePredicate (#$isa #$DistributingMetaKnowledgePredicate #$Collection) (#$genls #$DistributingMetaKnowledgePredicate #$Predicate) (#$comment #$DistributingMetaKnowledgePredicate "instances are predicates which are permitted to distribute over multiple assertions resulting from canonicalizing one (or more) of the formula args") ;;; #$DistributionEvent (#$isa #$DistributionEvent #$TemporalObjectType) (#$isa #$DistributionEvent #$DefaultDisjointScriptType) (#$genls #$DistributionEvent #$TransferOut) (#$comment #$DistributionEvent "A collection of events. Each element of #$DistributionEvent is an event in which tangible or intangible objects are distributed from a source to various destinations via some distribution network.") ;;; #$Dock (#$isa #$Dock #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$Dock #$OutdoorLocation) (#$genls #$Dock #$FixedStructure) (#$comment #$Dock "The collection of long flat walkways that jut out over water from shorelines. A Dock's main function is to provide a place to secure boats and to provide a place where passengers and cargo can be loaded and unloaded.") ;;; #$Doctor-Medical (#$isa #$Doctor-Medical #$MedicalSpecialtyType) (#$genls #$Doctor-Medical #$Prescriber) (#$genls #$Doctor-Medical #$MedicalCareProfessional) (#$genls #$Doctor-Medical #$Scientist) (#$comment #$Doctor-Medical "The collection of all medical doctors - MDs and Osteopaths.") ;;; #$Dog (#$isa #$Dog #$BiologicalSpecies) (#$genls #$Dog #$Carnivore) (#$genls #$Dog #$Mammal) (#$genls #$Dog #$DomesticPet) (#$comment #$Dog "The collection of all dogs of all breeds. Elements of #$Dog may be members of #$DomesticPet or of #$WildAnimal; e.g., #$Dog includes the dingo dogs of #$Australia. However, #$Dog excludes the members of #$Wolf, #$Fox, and the other non-dog subsets of #$CanineAnimal. #$Dog is an instance of #$BiologicalSpecies, Canis familiaris.") ;;; #$Dollar-UnitedStates (#$isa #$Dollar-UnitedStates #$UnitOfMoney) (#$isa #$Dollar-UnitedStates #$UnitOfMeasureNoPrefix) (#$isa #$Dollar-UnitedStates #$StandardUnitOfMeasure) (#$resultIsa #$Dollar-UnitedStates #$Money) (#$resultIsa #$Dollar-UnitedStates #$ScalarInterval) (#$argsIsa #$Dollar-UnitedStates #$CycSystemRealNumber) (#$comment #$Dollar-UnitedStates "An element of #$UnitOfMoney. #$Dollar-UnitedStates represents the main standard monetary unit of the United States of America. One #$Dollar-UnitedStates is equivalent to 100 #$Cent-UnitedStates. See #$UnitOfMeasure for further explanation.") ;;; #$DollarsPerHour (#$isa #$DollarsPerHour #$UnitOfMonetaryFlowRate) (#$isa #$DollarsPerHour #$UnitOfMeasureNoPrefix) (#$resultIsa #$DollarsPerHour #$MonetaryFlowRate) (#$resultIsa #$DollarsPerHour #$ScalarInterval) (#$resultIsa #$DollarsPerHour #$Rate) (#$argsIsa #$DollarsPerHour #$CycSystemRealNumber) (#$comment #$DollarsPerHour "An element of #$UnitOfMonetaryFlowRate; the amount of #$Money in dollars earned, spent, or transferred in an hour.") ;;; #$DollarsPerYear (#$isa #$DollarsPerYear #$UnitOfMonetaryFlowRate) (#$isa #$DollarsPerYear #$UnitOfMeasureNoPrefix) (#$resultIsa #$DollarsPerYear #$MonetaryFlowRate) (#$resultIsa #$DollarsPerYear #$ScalarInterval) (#$resultIsa #$DollarsPerYear #$Rate) (#$argsIsa #$DollarsPerYear #$CycSystemRealNumber) (#$comment #$DollarsPerYear "An element of #$UnitOfMonetaryFlowRate; the amount of #$Money in dollars earned, spent, or transferred in a year.") ;;; #$DomesticPet (#$isa #$DomesticPet #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$DomesticPet #$PortableObject) (#$genls #$DomesticPet #$DomesticatedAnimal) (#$genls #$DomesticPet #$HumanOccupationConstructResident) (#$comment #$DomesticPet "The subset of #$DomesticatedAnimal whose elements are animals kept by humans primarily for their companionship. (They may, however, do some chores such as catching mice.) Many members of #$DomesticPet live in the homes of their owners.") ;;; #$DomesticatedAnimal (#$isa #$DomesticatedAnimal #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$DomesticatedAnimal #$NonPersonAnimal) (#$comment #$DomesticatedAnimal "A subset of #$Animal; the collection of all animals which are kept by humans for labor, transportation, food, or as pets, and whose relations with humans are more or less cooperative. #$DomesticatedAnimal does NOT include instances of #$Tiger being kept in zoos, though it arguably includes Shamu or Flipper. Cf. #$WildAnimal, #$CaptiveAnimal.") ;;; #$DomesticatedAnimalFood (#$isa #$DomesticatedAnimalFood #$ProductType) (#$isa #$DomesticatedAnimalFood #$ExistingStuffType) (#$genls #$DomesticatedAnimalFood #$TangibleProduct) (#$comment #$DomesticatedAnimalFood "A collection of tangible stuff; a subset of #$TangibleProduct. Each element of #$DomesticatedAnimalFood is a foodstuff produced by human beings and intended for consumption by domesticated animals. This collection includes feed manufactured for horses, cattle, chickens, and other farm animals, as well as `pet foods'.") ;;; #$Doorway (#$isa #$Doorway #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$Doorway #$InanimateThing) (#$genls #$Doorway #$Portal) (#$comment #$Doorway "A collection of portals. Each element of #$Doorway is a portal in some instance of #$ShelterConstruction, suitable for people (and perhaps vehicles) to enter and exit. For example, doorways to houses, office buildings, elevators, automobiles, airplanes, garages, etc.") ;;; #$DoorwayCovering (#$isa #$DoorwayCovering #$ExistingObjectType) (#$isa #$DoorwayCovering #$ProductType) (#$genls #$DoorwayCovering #$PortalCovering) (#$comment #$DoorwayCovering "A collection of tangible objects. Each element of #$DoorwayCovering is a physical object used to cover some kind of portal, including but not limited to doorways in buildings. This collection also includes doors of cars, buses, subways, elevators, garages, airplane hangars--coverings over any doors that people (and perhaps vehicles) pass through.") ;;; #$Down-Directly (#$isa #$Down-Directly #$TerrestrialDirection) (#$isa #$Down-Directly #$UnitVector-Precise) (#$genlAttributes #$Down-Directly #$Down-Generally) (#$comment #$Down-Directly "The direction straight down. In the terrestrial context, #$Down-Directly points in the same direction as Earth's gravitational force vector.") ;;; #$Down-Generally (#$isa #$Down-Generally #$TerrestrialDirection) (#$comment #$Down-Generally "The element of #$VectorInterval that comprises the cone-shaped set of vectors pointing (from some reference point) within approximately forty-five degrees of #$Down-Directly.") ;;; #$Dress (#$isa #$Dress #$ProductType) (#$isa #$Dress #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$Dress #$ClothingItem) (#$genls #$Dress #$WomensClothing) (#$comment #$Dress "The collection of all dresses, a kind of women's clothing") ;;; #$Drink (#$isa #$Drink #$ProductType) (#$isa #$Drink #$ExistingStuffType) (#$genls #$Drink #$FoodAndDrink) (#$comment #$Drink "The collection of drinkable substances; a collection of edible stuff and a subset of #$FoodAndDrink. Each element of the collection #$Drink is a liquid of a type that is ingestible and commonly consumed by humans or animals. Drinks are ingested without chewing. Examples of #$Drink include all elements of the collections #$Water-Ingestible, #$Tea-Hot, #$HotChocolate, #$Lemonade, #$Beer. . By default they are liquids. Borderline examples include a thick milkshake or soup, even if there are solid objects suspended in it. Thus #$LiquidTangibleThing is not necessarily (monotonically) a #$genls of #$Drink, though it is true by default that a #$Drink be an instance of #$LiquidTangibleThing. I.e., by default, elements of #$Drink are in a #$LiquidStateOfMatter. Another borderline example of a #$Drink is a glassful of poison or urine; it may be unpalatable or unsafe to drink a #$Drink. Note that the #$Drink includes the portion of liquid, but not the container such as the glass or coffee cup or bowl. So one borderline non-example is a glass of water -- as opposed to a glassful of water; the former includes the glass, the latter doesn't. Other borderline non-examples include: an ice cube, a grape sno-cone, a scoop of ice cream with hot fudge sauce on it, and a tiny bit of liquid such as a single raindrop even if it enters one's mouth.") ;;; #$DrinkingEvent (#$isa #$DrinkingEvent #$TemporalStuffType) (#$isa #$DrinkingEvent #$ScriptType) (#$genls #$DrinkingEvent #$Translation-Complete) (#$genls #$DrinkingEvent #$ConsumingFoodOrDrink) (#$comment #$DrinkingEvent "A collection of events. In each instance of this collection, a single individual consumes a portion of some drink. A #$DrinkingEvent typically consists of several instances of #$DrinkingASip. See #$EatingEvent.") ;;; #$DrugPrescription (#$isa #$DrugPrescription #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$DrugPrescription #$TextualMaterial) (#$comment #$DrugPrescription "The legal document in which a doctor authorizes a patient to purchase a certain amount of a drug and take it according to some specified schedule.") ;;; #$DrugProduct (#$isa #$DrugProduct #$ExistingStuffType) (#$isa #$DrugProduct #$PharmacyProductType) (#$genls #$DrugProduct #$Artifact) (#$genls #$DrugProduct #$DrugSubstance) (#$genls #$DrugProduct #$ConsumableProduct) (#$comment #$DrugProduct "Any kind of drug, including the stuff you take when you are sick. Note, however, that this is a product (intentionally created or used) not merely the chemical description. This means that salt-water would not be an element of #$DrugProduct, even though saline solution would be.") ;;; #$DrugSubstance (#$isa #$DrugSubstance #$ExistingStuffType) (#$genls #$DrugSubstance #$TangibleThing) (#$comment #$DrugSubstance "The class of substances that can be introduced into organism's bodies to produce certain physiological effects. Includes both stuffs and objects made and/or marketed as #$DrugProducts, as well as naturally-occurring stuffs and objects that have physiological effects.") ;;; #$DrugTherapy (#$isa #$DrugTherapy #$ScriptType) (#$genls #$DrugTherapy #$MedicalTreatmentEvent) (#$comment #$DrugTherapy "A collection of medical care events in which drugs accomplish a medical purpose. An instance of #$DrugTherapy is the result of an instance of #$AdministeringADrug (q.v.). An instance of #$DrugTherapy is the event of the patient's body undergoing the physiological effects of the drug it was given. Note: #$DrugTherapy events do not include the administration of the drug; rather, they are the results of such administrations. Cf. #$AdministeringADrug.") ;;; #$DrugTherapyUseFn (#$isa #$DrugTherapyUseFn #$CollectionDenotingFunction) (#$resultIsa #$DrugTherapyUseFn #$TemporalStuffType) (#$resultIsa #$DrugTherapyUseFn #$ScriptType) (#$resultGenl #$DrugTherapyUseFn #$DrugTherapy) (#$arg1Isa #$DrugTherapyUseFn #$ExistingStuffType) (#$arg1Genl #$DrugTherapyUseFn #$PartiallyTangible) (#$comment #$DrugTherapyUseFn "The collection of events in which instances of ARG1 are used to achieve a medical purpose. These events do not include the administration of the drug - they are the scripts which result from that administration.") ;;; #$DryingSomething (#$isa #$DryingSomething #$TemporalStuffType) (#$isa #$DryingSomething #$DefaultDisjointScriptType) (#$genls #$DryingSomething #$IntrinsicStateChangeEvent) (#$genls #$DryingSomething #$PhysicalEvent) (#$comment #$DryingSomething "A collection of events. Each #$DryingSomething event involves reducing the moistness of something -- either its water content or its surface wetness -- by evaporation or by absorbing the moisture (e.g., with towels) or by some other process. Typical objects of a #$DryingSomething event include instances of: paint, food, dishes, clothes, humans. When you run your clothes dryer at home, that event is an element of this collection.") ;;; #$Ductility (#$isa #$Ductility #$MaterialStrengthType) (#$genls #$Ductility #$PhysicalAttribute) (#$genls #$Ductility #$ScalarInterval) (#$comment #$Ductility "A collection of attributes; a subset of #$PhysicalAttribute. Each element of #$Ductility describes a specific capacity of a physical material to be stretched, drawn, or hammered thin without breaking. Different degrees of ductility may be represented using a #$GenericValueFunction. Ductilities of objects are indicated with the predicate #$ductilityOfObject.") ;;; #$Dusk (#$isa #$Dusk #$TemporalObjectType) (#$isa #$Dusk #$ScriptType) (#$genls #$Dusk #$QualitativeTimeOfDay) (#$genls #$Dusk #$Twilight) (#$comment #$Dusk "Each #$Dusk is a dimly-lit period of time which is #$contiguousAfter a #$Sunset, and is the #$Event which starts a #$Night.") ;;; #$Dying (#$isa #$Dying #$TemporalObjectType) (#$isa #$Dying #$DefaultDisjointScriptType) (#$genls #$Dying #$DestructionEvent) (#$genls #$Dying #$BiologicalEvent) (#$genls #$Dying #$SingleDoerAction) (#$comment #$Dying "A collection of events. Each element of #$Dying is an event in which a living organism (i.e., an instance of #$Organism-Whole) ceases to live and thus ceases to exist. The physical portion of the organism may remain, but that is not considered an instance of #$Organism-Whole (cf. #$DeadAnimal). Note that the expiring animal is related to its dying event by #$bodilyDoer (q.v.)--in contrast to the role an organism plays when it is the #$objectActedOn in a #$Killing-Biological event (which will have some #$Dying event among its #$subEvents), and cf. #$bodilyActedOn.") ;;; #$ELRelation (#$isa #$ELRelation #$Collection) (#$comment #$ELRelation "A subset of #$Relationship such that instances are only permitted at the EL; that is, the canonicalizer will transform expressions that reference instances of #$ELRelation into equivalent expressions that do not reference instances of #$ELRelation; this transformation is guided by the value (arg2) of #$expansion for each #$ELRelation") ;;; #$Ear (#$isa #$Ear #$SymmetricAnatomicalPartType) (#$genls #$Ear #$AnimalBodyPart) (#$genls #$Ear #$VibrationThroughAMediumSensor) (#$comment #$Ear "The organ of hearing, which occur in pairs on most animals") ;;; #$EarthStuff (#$isa #$EarthStuff #$TangibleStuffCompositionType) (#$genls #$EarthStuff #$NaturalTangibleStuff) (#$comment #$EarthStuff "A collection of tangible things. Each element in #$EarthStuff is a portion of the stuff that the ground of Earth (at or near its land surface) is made of, including rocks, boulders, sand grains, soil, mud, etc., and mixtures of those things (such as islands or whole continents). Examples: #$Australia, #$CapeCod, #$ZionHill, #$GreatSmokyMountains.") ;;; #$East-Directly (#$isa #$East-Directly #$UnitVector-Precise) (#$isa #$East-Directly #$GeographicalDirection) (#$genlAttributes #$East-Directly #$East-Generally) (#$comment #$East-Directly "Due East, an element of #$TerrestrialDirection.") ;;; #$East-Generally (#$isa #$East-Generally #$GeographicalDirection) (#$comment #$East-Generally "The general direction of East. The element of #$VectorInterval that comprises the cone-shaped set of vectors pointing (from some reference point) within approximately forty-five degrees of #$East-Directly.") ;;; #$EatingEvent (#$isa #$EatingEvent #$TemporalStuffType) (#$isa #$EatingEvent #$DefaultDisjointScriptType) (#$genls #$EatingEvent #$DestructionEvent) (#$genls #$EatingEvent #$SingleDoerAction) (#$genls #$EatingEvent #$ConsumingFoodOrDrink) (#$comment #$EatingEvent "A collection of events. Each element of #$EatingEvent is an event which involves the consumption of a substantial portion of food by a single individual (human or other animal). An instance of #$EatingEvent is a meal or snack taken in its entirety; it is a series of individual #$EatingAMorsel events. Note: If a group of people gets together and eats lunch, that activity is represented by an instance of #$HavingAMeal; during that `super-event' each participant engages in his/her own instance of #$EatingEvent, and all of those are #$subEvents of the #$HavingAMeal event.") ;;; #$EcholocationPerception (#$isa #$EcholocationPerception #$TemporalStuffType) (#$genls #$EcholocationPerception #$Perceiving) (#$comment #$EcholocationPerception "#$EcholocationPerception is the collection of spatial #$Perceivings in which a #$PerceptualAgent (such as a bat or a submarine) generates sounds (potentially ultra- or sub- sonic in frequency), hears the sounds reflected from surfaces, and thereby acquires information about the position of other objects in its environment.") ;;; #$EcologicalRegion (#$isa #$EcologicalRegion #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$EcologicalRegion #$GeographicalRegion) (#$comment #$EcologicalRegion "A collection of geographical regions. Each element of #$EcologicalRegion is a region having one or more characteristic ecosystems. From knowledge of those ecosystems, we can posit whether certain organisms can forage, reproduce, and live successfully there. Information about ecological regions typically also includes what kinds of organisms are in fact found there. In theory, any arbitrary continuous region could be analyzed as an ecological region, but most regions identified in practice have some kind of sameness or systematic interconnection in their topology, climate, and biology. Examples: the #$WesternDesertOfEgypt, the #$GreatBarrierReef, the #$Amazon-Region.") ;;; #$EdgeOnObject (#$isa #$EdgeOnObject #$RegionType) (#$genls #$EdgeOnObject #$Path-Simple) (#$genls #$EdgeOnObject #$PartiallyTangible) (#$comment #$EdgeOnObject "The collection of all edges on objects. For a two-dimensional object, its boundaries other than corners are it edges. For a three dimensional object the edges are the outer portions of those extremities, excluding any corners (#$Corner-2or3d), that are much more acute in cross section in one direction than in most other directions at the same point. Some objects, like spheres, hairs, poles and typical burrs, have no edges. A discus has one, round, edge; a typical sheet has four edges. A mountain ridge might have only a single edge. A solid polyhedron has six or more edges.") ;;; #$EdiblePartFn (#$isa #$EdiblePartFn #$CollectionDenotingFunction) (#$resultIsa #$EdiblePartFn #$ExistingObjectType) (#$resultGenl #$EdiblePartFn #$EdibleStuff) (#$arg1Isa #$EdiblePartFn #$ExistingObjectType) (#$arg1Genl #$EdiblePartFn #$PartiallyTangible) (#$comment #$EdiblePartFn "The Cyc function #$EdiblePartFn is a #$CollectionDenotingFunction. When applied to a set of tangible objects OBJ-TYPE, (#$EdiblePartFn OBJ-TYPE) represents the collection of all the edible parts of objects of OBJ-TYPE. This collection includes any #$EdibleStuff (i.e., edible by humans or koalas or whatever the current microtheory is talking about) that is part of instances of OBJ-TYPE. To represent only parts that humans eat, we may restrict the #$resultGenl to a specialized subset of #$FoodAndDrink defined in #$HumanActivitiesMt or other appropriate microtheory. Examples: the collection (#$EdiblePartFn #$Apple-TheFruit) includes the skin and flesh of all apples, but not --- in the #$HumanActivitiesMt --- the instances of #$Stem or #$Seed found in them; the collection (#$EdiblePartFn #$Egg-Chickens) includes the yolks and whites of chicken eggs, but does not --- in the #$HumanActivitiesMt --- include any instances of #$Eggshell. Because of cultural or philosophical preferences and prohibitions about food, exactly what parts are edible may differ in different human cultural microtheories; e.g., in a FundamentalistJewish or FundamentalistIslamic cultural #$Microtheory, the function call (#$EdiblePartFn #$Pig) would return NIL; in a vegan #$Microtheory, even (#$EdiblePartFn #$Animal) would return NIL.") ;;; #$EdibleStuff (#$isa #$EdibleStuff #$ExistingStuffType) (#$genls #$EdibleStuff #$TangibleThing) (#$genls #$EdibleStuff #$ConsumableProduct) (#$comment #$EdibleStuff "A collection of tangible stuff. Each instance of #$EdibleStuff is, by default, an item that is ingestible and palatable by most macroscopic animals. #$EdibleStuff includes food and drink, but also other things, such as nutrients, drugs, etc. #$EdibleStuff presupposes digestion processes resembling those of most terrestrial macroscopic animals. For inferencing about the diets of people (or koalas or oil-eating microbes), the collection #$EdibleStuff may have additions and deletions. See also #$EdiblePartFn, #$FoodAndDrink.") ;;; #$EdiblesRichInFn (#$isa #$EdiblesRichInFn #$CollectionDenotingFunction) (#$resultIsa #$EdiblesRichInFn #$ExistingStuffType) (#$resultGenl #$EdiblesRichInFn #$EdibleStuff) (#$arg1Isa #$EdiblesRichInFn #$ExistingStuffType) (#$arg1Genl #$EdiblesRichInFn #$Nutrient) (#$comment #$EdiblesRichInFn "The Cyc function #$EdiblesRichInFn is a #$CollectionDenotingFunction. It is used to represent foodstuffs which have a high concentration of a certain nutrient. (#$EdiblesRichInFn NUTRIENT) denotes the collection of edible things that are rich in the type of #$Nutrient NUTRIENT. For example, (#$EdiblesRichInFn #$EdibleCalcium) denotes the collection of all #$EdibleStuff rich in calcium; that collection will have the collection #$DairyProduct as a subset.") ;;; #$EducationLevelAttribute (#$isa #$EducationLevelAttribute #$SocialAttributeType) (#$genls #$EducationLevelAttribute #$ScalarInterval) (#$genls #$EducationLevelAttribute #$SocialStatusAttribute) (#$comment #$EducationLevelAttribute "A collection of attributes. Each #$EducationLevelAttribute, when applied to a person, indicates their level of education or current involvement in a course of study; if applied to a course of study, it indicates the level of it. The very same attributes apply in both cases, though; some sample elements of this collection are: #$PhDLevel, #$TwelfthGradeLevel, #$BachelorOfArtsLevel, #$MedicalDegreeLevel, etc.") ;;; #$EducationalDegree (#$isa #$EducationalDegree #$ObjectType) (#$genls #$EducationalDegree #$Credential) (#$comment #$EducationalDegree "A collection of abstract (intangible) objects which consist of information about an agent. Each element of #$EducationalDegree is a credential conferred, by some instance of #$EducationalOrganization, on a student who has successfully completed a prescribed course of study there. #$EducationalDegree includes high school, associate, baccalaureate, licensate, magisterial, professional, and doctoral degrees, etc.") ;;; #$EducationalOrganization (#$isa #$EducationalOrganization #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$EducationalOrganization #$Organization) (#$comment #$EducationalOrganization "A collection of educational organizations. An element of #$EducationalOrganization may be a school, system of schools, college, seminary, etc., -- a place where teaching and/or training are programmed and provided as a service for students. An educational organization may be public or private. This collection includes #$AustinISD (i.e., the #$CityOfAustinTX Independent School District), #$StanfordUniversity, #$BrynMawrCollege, #$UniversityOfPennsylvaniaSchoolOfMedicine, and many other institutions.") ;;; #$Elasticity (#$isa #$Elasticity #$MaterialStrengthType) (#$genls #$Elasticity #$PhysicalAttribute) (#$genls #$Elasticity #$ScalarInterval) (#$comment #$Elasticity "A collection of attributes; a subset of #$PhysicalAttribute. Each element of #$Elasticity represents a specific ability of a physical material to quickly and completely return to its original shape after deformation that does not induce breakage, without permanent change to its original dimensions. For example, billiard balls have a high degree of elasticity in this sense. Elasticities of objects are indicated with the predicate #$elasticityOfObject.") ;;; #$ElectricalCharge (#$isa #$ElectricalCharge #$PolarAttributeType) (#$isa #$ElectricalCharge #$FundamentalNumericAttributeType) (#$genls #$ElectricalCharge #$PhysicalAttribute) (#$genls #$ElectricalCharge #$ScalarInterval) (#$comment #$ElectricalCharge "A collection of physical attributes. Each element of #$ElectricalCharge is an amount of net electrical charge (positive or negative) possessed by a particular instance of #$PartiallyTangible. Elements of #$ElectricalCharge may be either a fixed interval, such as the charge on one electron, or a range, such as a usable charge on a flashlight battery; see #$ScalarInterval. Also see #$UnitOfCharge for the units used by Cyc to measure electrical charges.") ;;; #$ElectricalComponent (#$isa #$ElectricalComponent #$ProductType) (#$isa #$ElectricalComponent #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$ElectricalComponent #$ElectricalDevice) (#$comment #$ElectricalComponent "A collection of electrical devices. An instance of #$ElectricalDevice is an electrical device which is normally considered to be a part of some larger, more clearly distinguished device (e.g., clearly distinguished in the sense that it is sold, moved, etc. as a unit). The #$ElectricalComponent must be connected with other parts in order to perform its #$primaryFunction.") ;;; #$ElectricalConductor (#$isa #$ElectricalConductor #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$ElectricalConductor #$PhysicalConductingMedia) (#$comment #$ElectricalConductor "A collection of tangible things; a subset of #$PhysicalConductingMedia. Each element of #$ElectricalConductor is a physical thing that can conduct electricity; e.g., a power cord, an electrical plug, a piece of metal.") ;;; #$ElectricalDevice (#$isa #$ElectricalDevice #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$ElectricalDevice #$SolidTangibleThing) (#$genls #$ElectricalDevice #$PartiallyTangibleProduct) (#$genls #$ElectricalDevice #$PoweredDevice) (#$genls #$ElectricalDevice #$PhysicalDevice) (#$comment #$ElectricalDevice "A collection of physical devices; the most general collection of electrical devices. Such devices require an input of electrical current (as #$energySource) in order to perform their intended functions. Instances of #$ElectricalDevice include both complex devices (e.g., elements of the collections #$StereoSystem or #$Computer) and simpler ones (e.g., elements of #$ElectricalComponents and #$ElectronicComponents). Note: in some contexts, crystal radios might be classified as inert (unpowered) electrical devices; the same for some sorts of passive radar detectors. These are exceptional cases, but still elements of this collection. In other contexts, the power for these devices can be viewed as being supplied from the outside, hence they are clearly `powered' in such contexts.") ;;; #$ElectricalResistance (#$isa #$ElectricalResistance #$DerivedNumericAttributeType) (#$genls #$ElectricalResistance #$ScalarInterval) (#$genls #$ElectricalResistance #$PhysicalAttribute) (#$comment #$ElectricalResistance "A collection of attributes; a subset of #$PhysicalAttribute. Each element of #$ElectricalResistance is an attribute which measures the resistance to electrical flow through an object. Examples: #$InsulatorResistance, #$ConductorResistance, #$SemiconductorResistance, #$SuperconductorResistance.") ;;; #$ElectroMagneticRadiationSensor (#$isa #$ElectroMagneticRadiationSensor #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$ElectroMagneticRadiationSensor #$Sensor) (#$comment #$ElectroMagneticRadiationSensor "A subset of #$Sensor, namely those sensors that detect #$ElectromagneticRadiation.") ;;; #$ElectromagneticRadiation (#$isa #$ElectromagneticRadiation #$WavePropagationType) (#$isa #$ElectromagneticRadiation #$DefaultDisjointScriptType) (#$genls #$ElectromagneticRadiation #$WavePropagation) (#$comment #$ElectromagneticRadiation "A collection of events; a subset of #$WavePropagation. Each element of #$ElectromagneticRadiation is an event that arises from the interaction of an electrical field and a magnetic field. Examples include the elements of the collections #$VisibleLight, #$RadioWaves, and #$XRays.") ;;; #$Electron (#$isa #$Electron #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$Electron #$SubAtomicParticle) (#$comment #$Electron "A collection of objects; a subset of #$SubAtomicParticle. Every instance of #$Electron is a subatomic particle with an #$ElectricalCharge of -1.") ;;; #$ElectronicDevice (#$isa #$ElectronicDevice #$ProductType) (#$isa #$ElectronicDevice #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$ElectronicDevice #$TangibleProduct) (#$genls #$ElectronicDevice #$ElectricalDevice) (#$comment #$ElectronicDevice "A collection of devices which use electronic circuitry. More specifically, any instance of #$ElectronicDevice uses electricity to convey information and not just for power. Usually transistors, diodes, or other semiconductor circuitry are involved.") ;;; #$ElementStuff (#$isa #$ElementStuff #$TangibleStuffCompositionType) (#$genls #$ElementStuff #$InanimateThing) (#$genls #$ElementStuff #$TangibleThing) (#$comment #$ElementStuff "A collection of tangible substances; a subset of #$TangibleThing. Every instance of #$ElementStuff is a piece of tangible stuff, composed of a quantity of atoms, all of which are of the same chemical element. That is, every atom in an individual piece of #$ElementStuff has the same number of protons in its atomic nucleus as does every other atom in that piece. For example, all pieces of carbon are instances of #$ElementStuff. All pieces of two of #$Carbon's subsets, #$Diamond and #$Graphite, also are instances of #$ElementStuff. On the other hand, instances of #$Water, because they are constituted of both (some) #$Hydrogen and (some) #$Oxygen atoms, do not belong to the collection #$ElementStuff.") ;;; #$ElementStuffTypeByNumberOfProtons (#$isa #$ElementStuffTypeByNumberOfProtons #$Collection) (#$isa #$ElementStuffTypeByNumberOfProtons #$DisjointSetOrCollection) (#$genls #$ElementStuffTypeByNumberOfProtons #$ChemicalCompoundType) (#$comment #$ElementStuffTypeByNumberOfProtons "A collection of collections. #$ElementStuffTypeByNumberOfProtons partitions the collection #$ElementStuff. Each instance of #$ElementStuffTypeByNumberOfProtons is a subset of #$ElementStuff which is defined ONLY by the atomic composition of its instances -- neither the isotopic composition or physical state of the substances, nor any other additional feature, determines membership in a collection which #$isa #$ElementStuffTypeByNumberOfProtons. All that matters is that the instances of that type (i.e., collection) of stuff are entirely composed of atoms having a particular number of protons in each atomic nucleus. Thus, the collection #$Carbon is an instance of #$ElementStuffTypeByNumberOfProtons, but neither the collection #$Diamond nor the collection #$Graphite is (even though they are subsets of #$Carbon), because their members have additional qualifications.") ;;; #$Embarrassment (#$isa #$Embarrassment #$FeelingAttributeType) (#$genls #$Embarrassment #$FeelingAttribute) (#$comment #$Embarrassment "Mental disturbance and confusion at self-exposure. #$Embarrassment is often an impediment to freedom of thought, speech, or action. This is a collection; for an explanation of a typical #$FeelingAttributeType, see #$Happiness. A more specialized #$FeelingAttributeType than #$Embarrassment is #$Shame.") ;;; #$Embryo (#$isa #$Embryo #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$Embryo #$BiologicalLivingObject) (#$genls #$Embryo #$BiologicalStageOfDevelopment) (#$comment #$Embryo "The collection of not yet fully-formed organisms, including mammals before birth, birds before hatching, and plants before sprouting from their seeds. Note that the criteria of the collection #$Embryo do not correspond exactly with the meaning of the English word 'embryo', since #$Embryo includes zygotes, the set of cells derived from the embryo after the fetus is formed (#$AmnioticSac + #$Fetus + #$Placenta-FetalPortion), etc.") ;;; #$EmbryoFn (#$isa #$EmbryoFn #$CollectionDenotingFunction) (#$resultIsa #$EmbryoFn #$ExistingObjectType) (#$resultGenl #$EmbryoFn #$Embryo) (#$arg1Isa #$EmbryoFn #$OrganismClassificationType) (#$arg1Genl #$EmbryoFn #$Animal) (#$comment #$EmbryoFn "#$EmbryoFn is an element of #$CollectionDenotingFunction. (#$EmbryoFn LIFETYPE) returns the collection of organisms which are embryonic instances of LIFETYPE. Note that this use of the word `embryo' does not correspond exactly with the English word, because the collection returned by #$EmbryoFn includes zygotes, fetuses, etc.") ;;; #$Emirate-Geopolitical (#$isa #$Emirate-Geopolitical #$SpatiallyDisjointRegionType) (#$genls #$Emirate-Geopolitical #$GeopoliticalEntity) (#$comment #$Emirate-Geopolitical "The collection of all Emirates, that is, those geopolitical entities, or territories, each of which is ordinarily ruled by an #$Amir-HeadOfState or an Emir (Amir) who is not necessariy a #$HeadOfState of an #$IndependentCountry, but rules a subsidiary region. See especially the #$UnitedArabEmirates.") ;;; #$Emission (#$isa #$Emission #$TemporalObjectType) (#$genls #$Emission #$TransferOut) (#$comment #$Emission "A collection of processes; a subset of #$GeneralizedTransfer. Each element of #$Emission is an event in which something `comes out' of an object that actively contributes to that thing's emission (e.g., it is a #$providerOfMotiveForce). The source is indicated with the predicate #$emitter. An entire #$Translocation is associated with an emission, and these are related through the predicate #$transferOutSubEvent. If the thing which `comes out' is an instance of #$PartiallyTangible, then the event belongs to a more specific collection, #$EmittingAnObject (q.v.). If the associated element of #$Translocation is an instance of #$WavePropagation, then the emission belongs to the more specialized collection, #$EmittingAWave (q.v.).") ;;; #$EmittingAWave (#$isa #$EmittingAWave #$TemporalStuffType) (#$genls #$EmittingAWave #$Emission) (#$comment #$EmittingAWave "A collection of events; a subset of #$Emission. Each element is an event in which a wave is emitted at a #$fromLocation. For example, Themistocles ordering his fleet to withdraw; Miles Davis playing the trumpet; an emergency flare burning by the side of the road. See also #$WavePropagation.") ;;; #$EmittingAnObject (#$isa #$EmittingAnObject #$TemporalObjectType) (#$isa #$EmittingAnObject #$DefaultDisjointScriptType) (#$genls #$EmittingAnObject #$Emission) (#$genls #$EmittingAnObject #$Translation-LocationChange) (#$comment #$EmittingAnObject "A collection of events; and a subset of #$Emission. An instance of #$EmittingAnObject is an emission event in which there is some #$PartiallyTangible which is the #$objectEmitted, i.e., the thing which `comes out' of the #$emitter of the event. The #$objectEmitted goes from (#$fromLocation) a place inside of the #$emitter to (#$toLocation) some place that is not within the #$emitter. The #$emitter plays an active role (#$doneBy and #$providerOfMotiveForce) in the emission. Examples: the birth of a baby, a bullet shot from a gun, a venonous snake depositing poison. Negative examples: a person leaving a building (the building is not active), throwing a ball (the ball was not inside the person before the throwing).") ;;; #$EmittingSound (#$isa #$EmittingSound #$TemporalStuffType) (#$isa #$EmittingSound #$DefaultDisjointScriptType) (#$genls #$EmittingSound #$PhysicalEvent) (#$genls #$EmittingSound #$EmittingAWave) (#$comment #$EmittingSound "A collection of events; a subset of #$EmittingAWave. Each element of #$EmittingSound is an event in which an instance of #$Sound is emitted from some #$waveSource. Examples: an explosion generating a sound wave; a plucked violin string resonating; a baby crying; a person saying `Hello'.") ;;; #$Employee (#$isa #$Employee #$OccupationType) (#$genls #$Employee #$Professional) (#$comment #$Employee "A collection of persons; a subset of #$Professional. Each element of #$Employee works directly for some business. Disjoint with #$SelfEmployedWorker.") ;;; #$EmployeeHiring (#$isa #$EmployeeHiring #$TemporalObjectType) (#$isa #$EmployeeHiring #$DefaultDisjointScriptType) (#$genls #$EmployeeHiring #$OrganizationalTransferIn) (#$genls #$EmployeeHiring #$MakingAnAgreement) (#$comment #$EmployeeHiring "A collection of events; a subset of #$MakingAnAgreement. Each element of #$EmployeeHiring is an event in which some agent--either an organization or individual--hires a person to work as its employee. See also #$employees, #$WorkAgreement.") ;;; #$EmploymentTermination (#$isa #$EmploymentTermination #$TemporalObjectType) (#$isa #$EmploymentTermination #$DefaultDisjointScriptType) (#$genls #$EmploymentTermination #$OrganizationalTransferOut) (#$genls #$EmploymentTermination #$EndingAnAgreement) (#$comment #$EmploymentTermination "A collection of events; a subset of #$EndingAnAgreement. Each element of #$EmploymentTermination is an event in which some employee ceases to work for his or her employer. The termination may be initiated by either party, or it may have been specified in the original #$WorkAgreement (q.v.). Different kinds of #$EmploymentTermination are specified by the subsets #$Resigning, #$EmployeeLayoff, #$RetirementEvent, etc.") ;;; #$Encrypting (#$isa #$Encrypting #$TemporalObjectType) (#$genls #$Encrypting #$IBTRecoding) (#$comment #$Encrypting "The collection of actions in which some transformation is applied to an IBT (#$InformationBearingThing) which renders it unaccessible to all but the intended audience, since the method required to decrypt the IBT is secret.") ;;; #$EndFn (#$isa #$EndFn #$ReifiableFunction) (#$isa #$EndFn #$IndividualDenotingFunction) (#$resultIsa #$EndFn #$TimePoint) (#$arg1Isa #$EndFn #$TemporalThing) (#$comment #$EndFn "#$EndFn is a function that takes a #$TemporalThing and returns the #$TimePoint it ends. Thus: (#$endingPoint ?X (#$EndFn ?X))") ;;; #$EndingAnAgreement (#$isa #$EndingAnAgreement #$TemporalObjectType) (#$isa #$EndingAnAgreement #$DefaultDisjointScriptType) (#$genls #$EndingAnAgreement #$PurposefulAction) (#$genls #$EndingAnAgreement #$HumanActivity) (#$genls #$EndingAnAgreement #$SocialOccurrence) (#$comment #$EndingAnAgreement "A collection of events. Each element of the collection #$EndingAnAgreement is an event in which some instance of #$Agreement comes to an end. For example, instances of #$EmploymentTermination and #$EndingMembership.") ;;; #$EnergyConversionProcess (#$isa #$EnergyConversionProcess #$TemporalStuffType) (#$isa #$EnergyConversionProcess #$DefaultDisjointScriptType) (#$genls #$EnergyConversionProcess #$PhysicalEvent) (#$genls #$EnergyConversionProcess #$TransformationEvent) (#$comment #$EnergyConversionProcess "A collection of events. In each instance of #$EnergyConversionProcess, energy is converted from one form to another.") ;;; #$Engine (#$isa #$Engine #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$Engine #$PoweredDevice) (#$genls #$Engine #$MechanicalDevice) (#$comment #$Engine "A collection of #$PoweredDevices. An instance of #$Engine is a device that changes some form of energy into motion (usually rotation). An engine may operate by burning some type of fuel (as do jet engines and internal combustion engines), or it may be powered by electricity, fluid flow, etc.") ;;; #$Engineer (#$isa #$Engineer #$OccupationType) (#$genls #$Engineer #$Professional) (#$comment #$Engineer "A collection of persons; a subset of #$Professional. Each element of #$Engineer is a professional who works in some branch of engineering. Elements of #$Engineer include the members of the subsets #$ElectricalEngineer, #$ChemicalEngineer, #$CivilEngineer, #$MechanicalEngineer, etc.") ;;; #$EnglishWord (#$isa #$EnglishWord #$LinguisticObjectType) (#$genls #$EnglishWord #$LexicalWord) (#$comment #$EnglishWord "The collection of all lexical words in English; a subset of #$LexicalWord. Different inflectional forms of a word do not count as different words; for example, #$Eat-TheWord encompasses the strings 'eat', 'eating', 'ate', etc.") ;;; #$Enjoyment (#$isa #$Enjoyment #$FeelingAttributeType) (#$genls #$Enjoyment #$FeelingAttribute) (#$comment #$Enjoyment "The agreeable emotion of taking pleasure or satisfaction in an experience. This is a collection; for an explanation of a typical #$FeelingAttributeType, see #$Happiness. Some more specialized #$FeelingAttributeTypes are #$Delight, #$Celebratory-Emotion, etc.") ;;; #$EnlistedPerson (#$isa #$EnlistedPerson #$OccupationType) (#$genls #$EnlistedPerson #$MilitaryPerson) (#$comment #$EnlistedPerson "A collection of people, a subset of #$MilitaryPerson. Each element of this collection is somebody who is an enlisted person in some #$MilitaryOrganization, such as a private.") ;;; #$EntertainmentEvent (#$isa #$EntertainmentEvent #$TemporalObjectType) (#$isa #$EntertainmentEvent #$ScriptType) (#$genls #$EntertainmentEvent #$ServiceEvent) (#$genls #$EntertainmentEvent #$HumanActivity) (#$comment #$EntertainmentEvent "The collection of activites performed primarily to amuse or entertain #$Persons. Note: This is more general than #$EntertainmentPerformance because it may not entail a performance per se. E.g., one of its subsets is #$SightSeeing, but most sightseeing events are not #$EntertainmentPerformances. Note: This is different from the collection #$RecreationalActivity in the following way: entertainment events are necessarily done for the enjoyment or recreation of someone else; in other words, there is an audience. Also, the performers of a #$RecreationalActivity are generally doing it `for fun', and (expect to) enjoy it, whereas some or all of the performers of an #$EntertainmentEvent may be doing it as a #$WorkingEvent --- i.e, `for a living' and may (expect to) not enjoy it. ") ;;; #$EntertainmentOrArtsProfessional (#$isa #$EntertainmentOrArtsProfessional #$OccupationType) (#$genls #$EntertainmentOrArtsProfessional #$Professional) (#$comment #$EntertainmentOrArtsProfessional "A collection of persons; a subset of #$Professional. Each element of #$EntertainmentOrArtsProfessional is a person who uses some sort of creative or artistic abilities in the main function of his or her job. #$EntertainmentOrArtsProfessional includes both performing artists and producers of tangible artworks, either creative or commercial. This collection does NOT include people working on the business side of those professions, such as producers or art dealers, whose #$jobAttributes are more similar to those of other business professionals (e.g., managers, marketers, sales representatives) than to the artists'; cf. #$EntertainmentOrArtsAdministrator.") ;;; #$EntertainmentPerformance (#$isa #$EntertainmentPerformance #$DefaultDisjointScriptType) (#$genls #$EntertainmentPerformance #$EntertainmentEvent) (#$genls #$EntertainmentPerformance #$SocialGathering) (#$genls #$EntertainmentPerformance #$AccessingAnIBT) (#$comment #$EntertainmentPerformance "The collection of public and private entertainment performances, like plays, street performances, ballets, movies. Each #$EntertainmentPerformance is a presentation or exhibition, to a human audience, with artistic or entertainment value. Note: Movies are included even though the Performers aren't performing in the same point in space-time. But we draw the line at still photographs; i.e., those are not considered #$EntertainmentPerformances.") ;;; #$Entity (#$isa #$Entity #$TemporalObjectType) (#$genls #$Entity #$SomethingExisting) (#$comment #$Entity "?X is an #$Entity if it is a `maximal' #$SomethingExisting. What we mean by that is that there cannot be another #$SomethingExisting of which ?X is merely a subabstraction (see #$subAbstrac). So AlbertEinstein is an entity, but AlbertEinsteinWhileAtPrinceton is not. In other words, an #$Entity represents the entire existence of a thing, not just one or more `temporal chunks' or #$timeSlices of a thing.") ;;; #$EthnicGroupType (#$isa #$EthnicGroupType #$Collection) (#$genls #$EthnicGroupType #$ConventionalClassificationType) (#$genls #$EthnicGroupType #$HumanCultureType) (#$comment #$EthnicGroupType "A collection of collections. An #$EthnicGroupType is a set of people whose group-organization, practices or characteristics are based on ethnic origins. E.g., some #$EthnicGroupTypes are: #$EthnicGroupOfVietnamese, #$EthnicGroupOfIndiansOfTheUS, etc.") ;;; #$EukaryoticCell (#$isa #$EukaryoticCell #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$EukaryoticCell #$Cell) (#$comment #$EukaryoticCell "The collection of eukaryotic cells, #$Cells which serve as the basic structural unit of eukaryotic organisms. These cells have a membrane-bound nucleus and other organelles. Multicellular Organisms generally have #$EukaryoticCells; #$EukaryoticCell DNA has introns. Certain #$EukaryoticCells, like the red blood corpuscles of #$Persons with heathy #$Spleens, lack nuclei.") ;;; #$EvaluatableFunction (#$isa #$EvaluatableFunction #$Collection) (#$genls #$EvaluatableFunction #$FunctionTheMathematicalType) (#$comment #$EvaluatableFunction "A collection of Cyc functions. Each element of #$EvaluatableFunction is a Cyc function which is associated (via #$lispDefun) with a piece of Heuristic Level (SubL) code that computes the result of applying the function to legal arguments. See #$PlusFn for a good example. An evaluatable function is evaluated only if none of its arguments is unbound.") ;;; #$Evaporating (#$isa #$Evaporating #$TemporalObjectType) (#$isa #$Evaporating #$DefaultDisjointScriptType) (#$genls #$Evaporating #$PhysicalStateChangeEvent) (#$comment #$Evaporating "The collection of events in which a piece of stuff is transformed from a #$LiquidStateOfMatter to a #$GaseousStateOfMatter by evaporation as opposed to boiling.") ;;; #$Evening (#$isa #$Evening #$TemporalObjectType) (#$genls #$Evening #$QualitativeTimeOfDay) (#$comment #$Evening "Each #$Evening is started by a #$Dusk and is #$temporallyCoterminal with the #$CalendarDay it's a part of. Each #$Evening is #$contiguousAfter an #$Afternoon, and each #$Overnight is #$contiguousAfter an #$Evening.") ;;; #$Event (#$isa #$Event #$ScriptType) (#$isa #$Event #$TemporalObjectType) (#$genls #$Event #$IntangibleIndividual) (#$genls #$Event #$TemporalThing) (#$genls #$Event #$Situation) (#$comment #$Event "This is one important subset of #$TemporalThing. The elements of #$Event are events or actions, things that we say are `happening', changes in the state of the world. #$Event is also a subset of #$Intangible, since an event consists of the `actions' per se, and THEY then refer to the tangible objects which participate in them. In contrast, the collection #$SomethingExisting (another important subset of #$TemporalThing) has elements which have temporal extent yet are `static', such as a rock at the bottom of a pond. Note: While `#$SomethingExisting vs. #$Event' might seem at first to be an obvious partition of things with temporal extent, there are interesting borderline cases -- such as agreements -- which Cyc treats as instances of #$SomethingExisting, but which could also be represented as instances of #$Event. And there are still other cases, such as the pure disembodied elements of #$TimeInterval, which are elements of #$TemporalThing yet belong neither to #$SomethingExisting nor to #$Event.") ;;; #$EvergreenPlant (#$isa #$EvergreenPlant #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$EvergreenPlant #$Plant-Woody) (#$comment #$EvergreenPlant "A collection of plants. Each element of #$EvergreenPlant is a plant that retains leaves or needles throughout all the seasons of the year. Cf. #$DeciduousPlant.") ;;; #$ExchangeOfUserRights (#$isa #$ExchangeOfUserRights #$DefaultDisjointScriptType) (#$isa #$ExchangeOfUserRights #$TemporalObjectType) (#$genls #$ExchangeOfUserRights #$ChangeInUserRights) (#$genls #$ExchangeOfUserRights #$SocialOccurrence) (#$genls #$ExchangeOfUserRights #$HumanActivity) (#$comment #$ExchangeOfUserRights "A collection of events. In an instance of #$ExchangeOfUserRights, two #$Agents (the #$exchangers) perform two distinct (though related) #$TransferringPossessions with each other. Two objects are exchanged. Each agent gains possession -- in the form of some #$UserRightsAttribute -- of something (an #$objectOfPossessionTransfer) from the other. Each transfer is related to the other as some kind of condition, a precondition or an intended result; e.g., the news seller will hand over a paper if given fifty cents, and I give the news seller my fifty cents so that he will turn over a newspaper to me. The two #$TransferringPossession events are #$subEvents of the #$ExchangeOfUserRights event.") ;;; #$Excitement (#$isa #$Excitement #$FeelingAttributeType) (#$genls #$Excitement #$FeelingAttribute) (#$comment #$Excitement "A feeling of arousal that stirs up, moves profoundly, or serves as a challenge to one's power, eliciting the desire to do or perceive something. This is a #$Collection --- for an explanation of that, see #$Happiness. Some more specialized #$FeelingAttributeTypes than #$Excitement include #$Enthusiasm, #$Celebratory-Emotion, #$Triumph-TheFeeling, etc.") ;;; #$ExclusiveUserRights (#$isa #$ExclusiveUserRights #$UserRightsAttribute) (#$comment #$ExclusiveUserRights "An attribute of an object with respect to an #$Agent, meaning that the agent who holds this kind of #$UserRightsAttribute to an object has the sole right to use that object. There can be only one such #$Agent at a given time; that agent may be an #$Organization or an individual person. When you rent a car, you expect #$ExclusiveUserRights of it for the duration of your rental, even though you don't own the car.") ;;; #$Executive (#$isa #$Executive #$OccupationType) (#$genls #$Executive #$Professional) (#$genls #$Executive #$Leader) (#$comment #$Executive "A collection of people. An instance of #$Executive is a person who holds an executive managerial positions in some #$Organization. Among the members of #$Executive are top managers of organizations, including corporate officers (#$CompanyPresident, etc.), Chiefs of Staff, Generals, Admirals and others like Chief Corporate Counsel, Managing Partner, Producer, Chief Scientist, Chief Engineer, as well as other upper and upper-middle managers.") ;;; #$Exercising (#$isa #$Exercising #$TemporalStuffType) (#$isa #$Exercising #$ScriptType) (#$genls #$Exercising #$VoluntaryBodyMovement) (#$genls #$Exercising #$ActionOnObject) (#$genls #$Exercising #$PurposefulAction) (#$genls #$Exercising #$HumanActivity) (#$comment #$Exercising "The collection of events in which humans move their bodies and limbs for the purpose of general physical conditioning and/or strengthening muscles.") ;;; #$Exhaling (#$isa #$Exhaling #$TemporalStuffType) (#$isa #$Exhaling #$DefaultDisjointScriptType) (#$genls #$Exhaling #$Translation-SinglePath) (#$genls #$Exhaling #$EmittingAnObject) (#$comment #$Exhaling "Expelling air from the lungs") ;;; #$ExistingObjectType (#$isa #$ExistingObjectType #$Collection) (#$genls #$ExistingObjectType #$TemporalStuffType) (#$genls #$ExistingObjectType #$ObjectType) (#$comment #$ExistingObjectType "A collection of collections. Each element of each element of #$ExistingObjectType is temporally stufflike yet is objectlike in other ways, e.g., spatially. Any one of many #$timeSlices of a copy of `Moby Dick' sitting on your shelf is still a copy of `Moby Dick' sitting on your shelf. Most tangible objects are temporally stufflike in this fashion. That book is, of course, not spatially stufflike; spatially, it is objectlike: if we take a scalpel and slice the book into ten pieces, each piece is not a copy of `Moby Dick'. So (#$isa #$Book #$ExistingObjectType) is true, because each book is temporally stufflike but spatially objectlike. See the comment for #$StuffType to find out more about the distinctions between, and the need for, these four collections: #$StuffType, #$ObjectType, #$ExistingStuffType, and #$ExistingObjectType.") ;;; #$ExistingStuffType (#$isa #$ExistingStuffType #$Collection) (#$genls #$ExistingStuffType #$TemporalStuffType) (#$genls #$ExistingStuffType #$StuffType) (#$comment #$ExistingStuffType "A collection of collections. Each element of #$ExistingStuffType is a collection of things (including portions of things) which are temporally and spatially stufflike; they may also be stufflike in other ways, e.g., in some physical property. Division in time or space does not destroy the stufflike quality of the object. For example, every piece of wood is temporally stufflike: if W-168 is a piece of wood during 1996, then it's also a piece of wood for the one-minute time-slice 9:05am 7/7/96. It's also spatially stufflike: if we take that piece of wood W-168 and cut it in half, we have two things which are both pieces of wood. The fact that every piece of wood is both temporally and spatially stufflike is represented in Cyc by the assertion (#$isa #$Wood #$ExistingStuffType). Other examples of #$ExistingStuffType: #$AppleJuice, #$IceCream, #$Diamond, #$WaxedPaper, #$StriatedMuscle. See the comment for #$StuffType to learn more about the distinctions between, and the need for, these four collections: #$StuffType, #$ObjectType, #$ExistingStuffType, and #$ExistingObjectType.") ;;; #$ExpFn (#$isa #$ExpFn #$FunctionFromQuantitiesToQuantities) (#$resultIsa #$ExpFn #$ScalarInterval) (#$arg1Isa #$ExpFn #$ScalarInterval) (#$comment #$ExpFn "#$ExpFn is the exponential operator, i.e., the unary mathematical function that returns e^x for the x value taken as its argument. (#$ExpFn 1) returns e. Its inverse (i.e., #$inverseFunc) is #$LogFn.") ;;; #$ExperiencingHunger (#$isa #$ExperiencingHunger #$TemporalStuffType) (#$isa #$ExperiencingHunger #$DefaultDisjointScriptType) (#$genls #$ExperiencingHunger #$BodilyFunctionEvent-Involuntary) (#$comment #$ExperiencingHunger "Being hungry") ;;; #$Explosion (#$isa #$Explosion #$TemporalObjectType) (#$isa #$Explosion #$ScriptType) (#$genls #$Explosion #$DecompositionProcess) (#$genls #$Explosion #$EnergyConversionProcess) (#$comment #$Explosion "A collection of events. Each instance of #$Explosion is an event that involve an extremely violent, chaotic release of energy. It is not exactly controlled, even in the best circumstances, though it may be contained and channelled to do useful work (such as within the cylinders of a car engine, or such as when a hole is blasted for a backyard swimming pool.)") ;;; #$ExtensionalRepresentationPredicate (#$isa #$ExtensionalRepresentationPredicate #$PredicateCategory) (#$genls #$ExtensionalRepresentationPredicate #$Predicate) (#$comment #$ExtensionalRepresentationPredicate "A collection of predicates. Each element of #$ExtensionalRepresentationPredicate is a predicate used to form assertions about the properties of individual objects. These predicates implement the extensional structure of the Cyc ontology; e.g., #$attorneys, #$objectTakenCareOf, #$actorPartsAffected, #$vestedInterest.") ;;; #$ExteriorRegionFn (#$isa #$ExteriorRegionFn #$ReifiableFunction) (#$isa #$ExteriorRegionFn #$IndividualDenotingFunction) (#$resultIsa #$ExteriorRegionFn #$AnimalBodyRegion) (#$arg1Isa #$ExteriorRegionFn #$AnimalBodyRegion) (#$comment #$ExteriorRegionFn "The function (ExteriorRegionFn REGOROBJ), applied to a region or object REGOROBJ, means the sub-region consisting of all the outer parts or sections of REGOROBJ, or the exterior main portion of REGOROBJ. It applies when REGOROBJ itself has an intrinsic inside/outside orientation (unlike, say, a loop of thread), but if REGOROBJ is an enveloping part, surface membrane, ring or layer within or on a larger region or object that has its own inside/outside orientation, the function returns REGOROBJ's outside portion with respect to the inside and outside of the larger region or object.") ;;; #$ExternalSurface-WholeThing (#$isa #$ExternalSurface-WholeThing #$RegionType) (#$genls #$ExternalSurface-WholeThing #$SurfaceOnTangibleObject) (#$comment #$ExternalSurface-WholeThing "The collection of all entire outer physical surfaces of tangible objects. Excludes mere patches or portions of the whole surface of an object.") ;;; #$Eye (#$isa #$Eye #$SymmetricAnatomicalPartType) (#$genls #$Eye #$ElectroMagneticRadiationSensor) (#$genls #$Eye #$Organ) (#$comment #$Eye "The collection of all eyes of #$Animals. Eyes are the organs of #$VisualPerception.") ;;; #$FPSUnitOfMeasure (#$isa #$FPSUnitOfMeasure #$RelationType) (#$genls #$FPSUnitOfMeasure #$UnitOfMeasure) (#$comment #$FPSUnitOfMeasure "A subset of #$UnitOfMeasure. #$FPSUnitOfMeasure is the collection of all the measurement functions whose results use the FPS (i.e., foot-pound-second) system of measure to describe physical quantities. Examples: #$Gallon-US, #$SquareMile, #$CubicFtPerSec.") ;;; #$FaceOfAnimal (#$isa #$FaceOfAnimal #$UniqueAnatomicalPartType) (#$isa #$FaceOfAnimal #$AnimalBodyPartType) (#$genls #$FaceOfAnimal #$BiologicalLivingObject) (#$genls #$FaceOfAnimal #$AnimalBodyPart) (#$comment #$FaceOfAnimal "The collection of all faces of animals. A #$FaceOfAnimal generally consists of the region where the eyes of the animal are located. In most terrestrial animals, this is the front region of the animal's head, and also turns out to be where the nose, mouth, etc., are located.") ;;; #$FallSeason (#$isa #$FallSeason #$TemporalObjectType) (#$genls #$FallSeason #$SeasonOfYear) (#$comment #$FallSeason "The collection of Fall seasons. In the #$TemperateClimateCycle, Fall is usually the time of harvesting and beginnings of shutting down of growth. Also the time of harvest celebrations. #$FallSeason represents the climatic aspects of Fall; for its purely temporal aspects, see #$CalendarAutumn.") ;;; #$False (#$isa #$False #$TruthValue) (#$isa #$False #$Individual) (#$comment #$False "An element of #$TruthValue. #$False is logical falsehood in Cyc; this is the abstract logical notion--not to be confused with Lisp's NIL, nor with the English word `false'.") ;;; #$Family-SocialEntity (#$isa #$Family-SocialEntity #$ObjectType) (#$genls #$Family-SocialEntity #$PartiallyTangible) (#$genls #$Family-SocialEntity #$Group) (#$genls #$Family-SocialEntity #$SocialBeing) (#$comment #$Family-SocialEntity "A collection of organizations. Each element of #$Family-SocialEntity is a group of people or of animals related by birth and mating. The kinship relation is closer than simply being members of the same species. Such a family may function together as an #$Organization. See also the specialization #$Family-Human.") ;;; #$FamilyRelationSlot (#$isa #$FamilyRelationSlot #$PredicateCategory) (#$genls #$FamilyRelationSlot #$InterExistingObjectSlot) (#$comment #$FamilyRelationSlot "A collection of predicates. Each element of #$FamilyRelationSlot is a binary predicate used to represent relationships among members of human families. Examples: #$spouse, #$siblings, #$grandmothers, #$grandfathers, #$relatives, #$cohabitingFamilyMembers.") ;;; #$Famine (#$isa #$Famine #$ScriptType) (#$isa #$Famine #$TemporalObjectType) (#$genls #$Famine #$DisasterEvent) (#$comment #$Famine "A collection of events; a subset of #$DisasterEvent. Each instance of #$Famine is an event taking place in a contiguous geographical area in which a lot of people are undergoing #$Starvation.") ;;; #$Farmer (#$isa #$Farmer #$OccupationType) (#$genls #$Farmer #$BlueCollarWorker) (#$genls #$Farmer #$Professional) (#$comment #$Farmer "A collection of persons; a subset of #$Professional. Each element of #$Farmer is a person who makes (or significantly supplements) his or her income by farming. This includes growing vegetables, grain, or fruit crops, dairy farming, or raising livestock (e.g., cattle, pigs, sheep, fish) for their meat or other animal products (e.g., wool).") ;;; #$Fear (#$isa #$Fear #$FeelingAttributeType) (#$genls #$Fear #$FeelingAttribute) (#$comment #$Fear "Unpleasant emotion manifested by painful agitation in the presence or awareness of danger. Fear implies anxiety and loss of courage. This is a collection; for an explanation of a typical #$FeelingAttributeType, see #$Happiness. A more specialized #$FeelingAttributeType than #$Fear is #$Dread.") ;;; #$February (#$isa #$February #$MonthOfYearType) (#$genls #$February #$CalendarMonth) ;;; #$FeelingAttribute (#$isa #$FeelingAttribute #$CompositeAttributeType) (#$isa #$FeelingAttribute #$StuffType) (#$genls #$FeelingAttribute #$ScalarInterval) (#$genls #$FeelingAttribute #$MentalAttribute) (#$comment #$FeelingAttribute "The collection of attributes describing emotions and mental feelings. An element of this set would be a particular `amount' of happiness, of confidence, of fear, etc. Obviously there are no real `units of measure' for these quantities, but one can certainly say that the `amount' of happiness one felt at one's wedding was `more' than the happiness they felt at their college graduation ceremony, etc. There are functions, such as #$LowAmountFn, which take a #$PrimitiveAttributeType (such as the instances of #$FeelingAttributeType) and return as their value a certain-sized amount of that attribute-type; e.g., (#$LowAmountFn #$Confidence) is an expression whose value is a low amount of confidence, and that in turn will be an element of #$Confidence, and also an element of #$FeelingAttribute, and also an element of #$AttributeValue, etc. See especially the various subsets of #$FeelingAttribute. Note that #$FeelingAttribute is NOT an element of #$FeelingAttributeType. Since #$FeelingAttributeType is a subset of #$PrimitiveAttributeType, any element of #$FeelingAttributeType (such as #$Happiness) should have a total order among all its elements. All the elements of #$FeelingAttribute can't be placed in a total order (for example, how can we compare 'low happiness' with 'low contempt'?), so it should not be an element of #$FeelingAttributeType.") ;;; #$FeelingAttributeType (#$isa #$FeelingAttributeType #$Collection) (#$genls #$FeelingAttributeType #$PrimitiveAttributeType) (#$genls #$FeelingAttributeType #$AttributeType) (#$comment #$FeelingAttributeType "A collection of collections. Each #$FeelingAttributeType is a type of attribute that describes some sort of emotion and/or mental feeling. Some elements of #$FeelingAttributeType are: #$Envy, #$Curiosity, #$PrideOfAccomplishment, etc. See also #$FeelingAttribute.") ;;; #$FemaleAnimal (#$isa #$FemaleAnimal #$OrganismClassificationType) (#$genls #$FemaleAnimal #$Animal) (#$comment #$FemaleAnimal "The collection of all female animals.") (#$synonymousExternalConcept #$FemaleAnimal #$SENSUS-Information1997 "FEMALE-ANIMAL") ;;; #$FemaleFn (#$isa #$FemaleFn #$CollectionDenotingFunction) (#$resultIsa #$FemaleFn #$ExistingObjectType) (#$resultGenl #$FemaleFn #$FemaleAnimal) (#$arg1Isa #$FemaleFn #$OrganismClassificationType) (#$arg1Genl #$FemaleFn #$Animal) (#$comment #$FemaleFn "#$FemaleFn is a Cyc function, in particular, an instance of #$CollectionDenotingFunction. (#$FemaleFn ORGTYPE) returns that subset of the animal taxonomic collection ORGTYPE which includes all and only the females of ORGTYPE. For example, (#$FemaleFn #$Person) and #$FemalePerson denote the same collection, while (#$FemaleFn #$Deer) denotes the collection of all female members of #$Deer.") ;;; #$FemalePerson (#$isa #$FemalePerson #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$FemalePerson #$FemaleAnimal) (#$genls #$FemalePerson #$Person) (#$comment #$FemalePerson "The collection of all female persons.") (#$synonymousExternalConcept #$FemalePerson #$SENSUS-Information1997 "FEMALE") ;;; #$Feminine (#$isa #$Feminine #$LinguisticObject) (#$isa #$Feminine #$GenderOfLivingThing) (#$comment #$Feminine "#$Feminine is a gender, indicating either that an #$Animal or #$Plant is female, or that a word has what is called feminine gender.") ;;; #$Ferry (#$isa #$Ferry #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$Ferry #$Ship) (#$comment #$Ferry "The subcollection of Boat-WaterTransportationDevice that contains all ferryboats, i.e., boats that are used to carry people, goods or vehicles across rivers, lakes, canals or channels etc. or even from one side of a harbor to another, but normally not used to cross oceans.") ;;; #$FictionalContext (#$isa #$FictionalContext #$MicrotheoryType) (#$genls #$FictionalContext #$CounterfactualContext) (#$comment #$FictionalContext "The collection of #$CounterfactualContexts which are (1) created intentionally, not by error or chance or gradual evolution and accretion in a culture, and (2) typically are the information content of some #$InformationBearingThing, and (3) are not expected (by their creator) to be believed as factual, nor do their creators believe them to be factual. In addition to asserting fictional propositions about existing things, a #$FictionalContext may include terms for nonexistent things. Examples: #$LordOfTheRings, #$AdventuresOfHuckleberryFinn.") ;;; #$FieldOfStudy (#$isa #$FieldOfStudy #$ObjectType) (#$genls #$FieldOfStudy #$PropositionalInformationThing) (#$comment #$FieldOfStudy "A collection of microtheories. Each element of #$FieldOfStudy is a microtheory containing the knowledge, theory, hypotheses, evidence, and problems covered in a particular field of study (in propositional form). Examples: #$Linguistics, #$Ethology, #$ArtificialIntelligence, #$BusinessAdministration, #$Nursing-FieldOfStudy, etc. Fields of study are typically the subject of teaching and/or research within instances of #$AcademicDepartment, although the correlation between #$AcademicDepartment and #$FieldOfStudy is not one-to-one. Note also that elements of #$FieldOfStudy are intangible objects (i.e., contexts with propositional content), while academic departments are partially tangible organizations. For the activity of specialized study in a field, see #$CourseOfStudy.") ;;; #$FinancialAccount (#$isa #$FinancialAccount #$AccountType) (#$genls #$FinancialAccount #$Account) (#$comment #$FinancialAccount "A collection of intangible objects. Each element of #$FinancialAccount is an instance of #$Account (q.v.) which is denominated in units of #$Money. Examples: savings accounts, credit card accounts, vendor accounts.") ;;; #$FinancialAccountTenderObject (#$isa #$FinancialAccountTenderObject #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$FinancialAccountTenderObject #$TenderObject) (#$comment #$FinancialAccountTenderObject "A collection of objects. Each element of #$FinancialAccountTenderObject is an object, e.g., a check or a credit card, that serves as a vehicle for offering payment in funds drawn on an associated instance of #$FinancialAccount. The liquidity of an element of #$FinancialAccountTenderObject depends on the #$accountBalance or #$accountStatus of the financial account which that object legally represents. This collection excludes the elements of #$Currency and #$TravellersCheck.") ;;; #$FinancialAssetHoldings (#$isa #$FinancialAssetHoldings #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$FinancialAssetHoldings #$Holdings) (#$comment #$FinancialAssetHoldings "A collection of partially tangibles. An element of #$FinancialAssetHoldings is a group of financial assets (e.g., stocks, bonds, ... ) owned by individual or corporate #$Agent(s). As a default, we assume that the monetary value of each group equals the sum of the monetary values of the individual assets in that group.") ;;; #$FinancialOrganization (#$isa #$FinancialOrganization #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$FinancialOrganization #$CommercialOrganization) (#$genls #$FinancialOrganization #$CommercialServiceOrganization) (#$comment #$FinancialOrganization "A collection of organizations; a subset of #$CommercialServiceOrganization. An element of #$FinancialOrganization is an organization that buys, sells, trades, converts, or lends money, in the form of currency or negotiable financial instruments (such as stocks, bonds, commodities futures, etc.), as (one of) its major function(s). The collection #$FinancialOrganization does not include businesses, such as retailers, which simply exchange goods or non-financial services for money.") ;;; #$Finger (#$isa #$Finger #$AnimalBodyPartType) (#$genls #$Finger #$Appendage-AnimalBodyPart) (#$comment #$Finger "The collection of all digits of all #$Hands (q.v.). Fingers are (typically) flexibly jointed and are necessary to enabling the hand (and its owner) to perform grasping and manipulation actions.") ;;; #$FiscalQuarter (#$isa #$FiscalQuarter #$TemporalObjectType) (#$genls #$FiscalQuarter #$TimeInterval) (#$comment #$FiscalQuarter "Each instance of this collection is a 3-month-long interval of time kept track of by an #$Agent as part of its financial accounting procedures. Since the start dates and end dates may vary depending on the organization, instances will be things like Fiscal3rdQuarterOf1995ForCycorp.") ;;; #$FiscalYear (#$isa #$FiscalYear #$TemporalObjectType) (#$genls #$FiscalYear #$TimeInterval) (#$comment #$FiscalYear "Each instance of this collection is an annual, year-long interval of time kept track of by an #$Agent as part of its operational and financial accounting procedures. Since the start dates and end dates may vary depending on the organization, instances of this collection are time intervals like FiscalYearOf1989ForMicrosoft") ;;; #$Fish (#$isa #$Fish #$BiologicalClass) (#$genls #$Fish #$Vertebrate) (#$genls #$Fish #$Animal) (#$genls #$Fish #$NonPersonAnimal) (#$genls #$Fish #$AquaticOrganism) (#$comment #$Fish "A collection of cold-blooded animals; a subset of #$Vertebrate. Each element of #$Fish has gills, cranium, and fins, and spends all or almost all of its life under water. The collection #$Fish excludes so-called star-fish and cuttle-fish, etc., as well as fish-shaped examples of #$Mammal such as porpoises and whales. #$Fish is an instance of #$BiologicalClass.") ;;; #$FixedStructure (#$isa #$FixedStructure #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$FixedStructure #$ConstructionArtifact) (#$comment #$FixedStructure "A collection of artifacts. Each element of #$FixedStructure is a humanly-constructed, freestanding object that exists in a fixed location; e.g., buildings, pyramids, the Great Wall of China, dams, elevated roadways, canals, etc. Such structures may have parts which are also elements of #$FixedStructure (e.g., bridge pilings) and parts which are not freestanding (e.g., the span of a bridge, or a room in a building).") ;;; #$Flammability (#$isa #$Flammability #$PrimitiveAttributeType) (#$genls #$Flammability #$PhysicalAttribute) (#$genls #$Flammability #$ScalarInterval) (#$comment #$Flammability "A collection of attributes; a subset of #$PhysicalAttribute. Each element of #$Flammability represents a specific readiness with which some tangible substance burns. Different degrees of #$Flammability are represented either using #$GenericValueFunctions or qualitatively (e.g., #$NotFlammable, #$BurnsEasily, #$ExplosivelyFlammable). Flammability of an object is indicated with the predicate #$flammabilityOfObject.") ;;; #$FlatPhysicalSurface (#$isa #$FlatPhysicalSurface #$RegionType) (#$genls #$FlatPhysicalSurface #$Surface-Physical) (#$comment #$FlatPhysicalSurface "The collection of all surfaces that are substantially flat (by the tolerance standards of the the context). This means that there are no 'significant' concave depressions or convex bulges or bumps, and that the surface approximates some portion of a Euclidian plane in space. Note that the surface may have holes or cracks and may be disconnected, in multiple (substantially coplanar) pieces. A typical table top is a FlatPhysicalSurface.") ;;; #$Flexible (#$isa #$Flexible #$PhysicalStructuralAttribute) (#$comment #$Flexible "A physical attribute. #$Flexible is the #$PhysicalStructuralAttribute of a tangible object that can be flexed, twisted, contorted. #$Flexible objects which retain their contorted shape are described as #$Bendable (q.v.).") ;;; #$FloorInAConstruction (#$isa #$FloorInAConstruction #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$FloorInAConstruction #$ConstructionArtifact) (#$comment #$FloorInAConstruction "A physical floor in a building, NOT the level (storey). The latter is called #$LevelOfAConstruction. The floor can include any floor in a building such as the floor of a room on the third floor as well as the floor covering the entire 1st level of the building. This includes just the horizontal surface -- not the subfloor. It also doesn't include floor coverings like carpet or tile.") ;;; #$FlowPath (#$isa #$FlowPath #$ObjectType) (#$genls #$FlowPath #$SpatialThing) (#$genls #$FlowPath #$Path-Simple) (#$comment #$FlowPath "A collection of pathways; a subset of #$Path-Generic. Each element of #$FlowPath is a path whose extent is delineated by the movement of a fluid over an area; for example, the path of a lava flow or the #$AlaskanPipeline. Elements of #$FlowPath may (but need not) be constrained by objects or forces that channel the flow of fluid; see also the subset #$FluidConduit.") ;;; #$FloweringPlant (#$isa #$FloweringPlant #$OrganismClassificationType) (#$genls #$FloweringPlant #$Plant) (#$comment #$FloweringPlant "The collection of plants whose seeds are enclosed in ovaries; the flowering plants in the botanical sense. For flowering plants actually in bloom, see #$FloweryPlant.") ;;; #$FloweryPlant (#$isa #$FloweryPlant #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$FloweryPlant #$FloweringPlant) (#$comment #$FloweryPlant "A collection of plants. Each element of #$FloweryPlant is a flowering plant that is actually and visibly in flower (i.e., has flowers showing). The collection #$FloweryPlant includes flowering bushes and trees with visible flowers. This collection represents a commonsense category, not the official #$BiologicalTaxon #$FloweringPlant.") ;;; #$FluidReservoir (#$isa #$FluidReservoir #$ProductType) (#$isa #$FluidReservoir #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$FluidReservoir #$ContainerProduct) (#$comment #$FluidReservoir "A collection of open-ended containers; a subset of #$ContainerProduct. An instance of #$FluidReservoir is a container which was designed to hold liquids. These include elements of the collections #$Spoon, #$ToiletBowl, #$GlassBottle, etc. Note a special negative case: natural `reservoirs', such as #$Lakes, are not #$ContainerProducts -- though the #$Dams that create them are artifacts, the reservoir water is contained in the natural landscape -- and hence such reservoirs are not subsets of #$FluidReservoir.") ;;; #$FluidTangibleThing (#$isa #$FluidTangibleThing #$ExistingStuffType) (#$genls #$FluidTangibleThing #$TangibleThing) (#$comment #$FluidTangibleThing "A collection of tangibles. Each element of #$FluidTangibleThing is a tangible thing that flows, including gases, liquids, and semisolid tangible things which are #$Pourable (e.g., sand). Examples: the #$AirInAustin, #$LakeErie, the snow drifted in my driveway, the sand on the beach at Hippie Hollow, mercury in the thermometer on the balcony. Note that the granules of a semisolid #$FluidTangibleThing are not necessarily themselves #$FluidTangibleThings. Cf. #$LiquidTangibleThing.") ;;; #$Fog (#$isa #$Fog #$ExistingStuffType) (#$genls #$Fog #$CloudOfH2O) (#$genls #$Fog #$GaseousTangibleThing) (#$comment #$Fog "The collection of clouds (instances of #$CloudOfH2O) that cover a #$GeographicalRegion at ground-level.") ;;; #$Foggy (#$isa #$Foggy #$WeatherAttribute) (#$comment #$Foggy "A #$WeatherAttribute characterizing an #$OutdoorLocation covered by a ground-level cloud.") ;;; #$Foldable (#$isa #$Foldable #$PhysicalStructuralAttribute) (#$genlAttributes #$Foldable #$Bendable) (#$comment #$Foldable "A physical attribute. #$Foldable is the #$PhysicalStructuralAttribute of being foldable in a flexible way, like towels or paper. Note a distinction between #$Foldable objects and #$Collapsible objects: #$Collapsible objects are #$Rigid objects collapsed by means of #$HingedJoints, while #$Foldable objects are flexible overall.") ;;; #$Food (#$isa #$Food #$ProductType) (#$isa #$Food #$ExistingStuffType) (#$genls #$Food #$TangibleProduct) (#$genls #$Food #$FoodAndDrink) (#$genls #$Food #$EdibleStuff) (#$genls #$Food #$OrganicStuff) (#$comment #$Food "A collection of edible stuff; a subset of #$FoodAndDrink. Each element of the collection #$Food is a particular portion of food of a type which can, and habitually is, eaten (not drunk or inhaled) by humans or animals. Here the notion of ``eating'' is important --- not drinking or inhaling or osmosing; an element of #$Food will generally require biting, chewing, etc. A borderline example is a bowl of Jello; a borderline non-example is a very thick milkshake. Even closer to the border is a bowl of vegetable soup so thick and chunky that each spoonful require chewing. The edibles in #$Food provide calories and/or other nutrients that humans or animals need (e.g., protein, vitamins); this is often true with a #$Drink as well, but probably less than half the time (since most drinking is of water).") ;;; #$Food-ReadyToEat (#$isa #$Food-ReadyToEat #$ProductType) (#$isa #$Food-ReadyToEat #$ExistingStuffType) (#$genls #$Food-ReadyToEat #$FoodAndDrink) (#$genls #$Food-ReadyToEat #$OrganicStuff) (#$genls #$Food-ReadyToEat #$Food) (#$comment #$Food-ReadyToEat "A collection of food. Each instance of #$Food-ReadyToEat is an item of food of a type, and in a state, that people or animals can and normally do eat without any further preparation. This includes foods which have already been prepared and foods which don't need any preparation before eating. Hot baked instances of #$Pizza and ripe instances of #$Apple-TheFruit all belong in this collection. To account for differences across cultures or species, use a specialized #$Microtheory (see #$comments on #$FoodAndDrink, #$EdibleStuff).") ;;; #$FoodAndDrink (#$isa #$FoodAndDrink #$ProductType) (#$isa #$FoodAndDrink #$ExistingStuffType) (#$genls #$FoodAndDrink #$EdibleStuff) (#$comment #$FoodAndDrink "A collection of edible stuff. Each element of the collection #$FoodAndDrink is a food or beverage of a type which people or animals (or whatever the current microtheory is restricting its attention to --- e.g., some species of oil-eating bacteria) can and normally do consume. Elements of #$FoodAndDrink may or may not require further preparation before the eaters find them palatable, medically safe, digestable, etc. See #$Food-ReadyToEat for the subset of these items that are ready for immediate consumption. In various microtheories, the elements of #$FoodAndDrink will be restricted or expanded; e.g., in the #$HumanActivitiesMt this collection is limited to only foods or beverages that modern-day human beings consume. Some examples of #$FoodAndDrink includes a scoop of ice cream (an instance of #$IceCream), a pepperoni pizza (an instance of #$Pizza), an apple (an instance of #$EdibleFruit), a lump of bread-dough (an instance of #$Dough which, after preparation, will become an instance of edible #$Bread), a double espresso (an instance of #$Coffee-Beverage), a mouthful of hay that a horse is about to swallow (an instance of #$Hay), etc. The latter (the hay) is not an instance of #$FoodAndDrink in the #$HumanActivitiesMt. Note that #$FoodAndDrink does NOT include such things as spices, condiments, sauces, drugs, etc., which --- though they are nevertheless #$EdibleStuff --- do not constitute a food by themselves; those belong to other subsets of #$EdibleStuff but not to #$FoodAndDrink. E.g., a particular pinch of oregano would be an instance of #$FoodIngredientOnly (q.v.). Also see: #$DefaultDisjointFoodTypes.") ;;; #$FoodGroupType (#$isa #$FoodGroupType #$Collection) (#$genls #$FoodGroupType #$ConventionalClassificationType) (#$genls #$FoodGroupType #$ProductType) (#$genls #$FoodGroupType #$ExistingStuffType) (#$comment #$FoodGroupType "A collection of collections. Each element of #$FoodGroupType is a collection of foodstuffs classified according to their nutritional contents. When restricted to human foods, the elements of #$FoodGroupType are familiar as the teaching tools used in public health education in order to promote nutritionally balanced diets. Examples include: #$DairyProduct, #$CerealFoodGroup, #$FruitAndVegetableFoodGroup, #$MeatAndLegumeFoodGroup.") ;;; #$FoodIngredientOnly (#$isa #$FoodIngredientOnly #$ProductType) (#$isa #$FoodIngredientOnly #$ExistingStuffType) (#$genls #$FoodIngredientOnly #$EdibleStuff) (#$comment #$FoodIngredientOnly "A collection of tangible stuff; a subset of #$EdibleStuff. Each element of #$FoodIngredientOnly is an edible substance that is used in making other food but isn't eaten by itself. These may or may not require some preparation. For example, #$TableSalt, #$VegetableOil, and #$Ketchup are subsets of #$FoodIngredientOnly, because all of their instances are used only as ingredients or condiments. In contrast, #$Egg-Chickens is not a subset of #$FoodIngredientOnly; some of its instances serve as ingredients in cooking other dishes, (and those instances are elements of #$FoodIngredientOnly,) but other eggs are simply eaten after poaching or frying (and those instances belong to the collection #$Food, not #$FoodIngredientOnly). Types of foodlike #$Pizza, whose instances are never merely ingredients, are just subsets of #$Food.") ;;; #$FoodOrDrinkComposite (#$isa #$FoodOrDrinkComposite #$ProductType) (#$isa #$FoodOrDrinkComposite #$ExistingStuffType) (#$genls #$FoodOrDrinkComposite #$Artifact) (#$genls #$FoodOrDrinkComposite #$EdibleStuff) (#$comment #$FoodOrDrinkComposite "A collection of edible stuff. Each element of #$FoodOrDrinkComposite is an edible substance that is made up of two or more foodstuffs as constituents. Typically, some recipe is, explicitly or implicitly, associated with the production of such substances. #$FoodOrDrinkComposite includes both some instances of #$FoodIngredientOnly (e.g., a dollop of ketchup) and some instances of #$FoodAndDrink (e.g., a slice of a cheese pizza).") ;;; #$FoodOrDrinkPreparationDevice (#$isa #$FoodOrDrinkPreparationDevice #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$FoodOrDrinkPreparationDevice #$HOCObject) (#$genls #$FoodOrDrinkPreparationDevice #$PhysicalDevice) (#$comment #$FoodOrDrinkPreparationDevice "A collection of objects; a subset of #$PhysicalDevice. An instance of #$FoodOrDrinkPreparationDevice is a device whose #$primaryFunction is to prepare food or drink somehow, such as a colander, a spice mill or a pot.") ;;; #$FoodProfessional (#$isa #$FoodProfessional #$OccupationType) (#$genls #$FoodProfessional #$Professional) (#$comment #$FoodProfessional "A collection of persons; a subset of #$Professional. Each element of #$FoodProfessional is a worker in the food and drink industry. This collection includes bakers, brewers, butchers, and bartenders--everyone from Julia Child to Joe the bartender.") ;;; #$FoodServiceOrganization (#$isa #$FoodServiceOrganization #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$FoodServiceOrganization #$CommercialServiceOrganization) (#$genls #$FoodServiceOrganization #$Business) (#$comment #$FoodServiceOrganization "A collection of business organizations; a subset of both #$CommercialServiceOrganization and #$Business. An element of #$FoodServiceOrganization is a business which prepares and/or serves food as its major function(s). Important subsets of #$FoodServiceOrganization include #$Restaurant and #$CateringCompany. Note that grocery stores -- and airlines -- are not themselves considered elements of #$FoodServiceOrganization, even though some of those may have #$subOrganizations or sub-contractors which are#$FoodServiceOrganizations. Bars or taverns, in contrast to #$Restaurants that also prepare and serve food, are also not considered #$FoodServiceOrganizations.") ;;; #$FoodUtensil (#$isa #$FoodUtensil #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$FoodUtensil #$HOCObject) (#$comment #$FoodUtensil "A collection of objects. Each element of #$FoodUtensil is an implement or a container used in preparing or consuming food. Among its subsets are: #$Spoon, #$CarvingKnife, #$CookingUtensil, #$FoodVessel, #$CuttingBoard, and #$ChopStick.") ;;; #$FoodVessel (#$isa #$FoodVessel #$ProductType) (#$isa #$FoodVessel #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$FoodVessel #$ContainerProduct) (#$genls #$FoodVessel #$FoodUtensil) (#$comment #$FoodVessel "A collection of container products; a subset of #$FoodUtensil. An instance of #$FoodVessel is a container designed for holding, storing, or preparing food. For example, a dinner plate, a cake pan, a wok, a plastic food storage container, etc. Subsets include the collections #$CookingVessel, #$EatingVessel, #$FoodStorageContainer, and numerous others.") ;;; #$Foot-AnimalBodyPart (#$isa #$Foot-AnimalBodyPart #$SymmetricAnatomicalPartType) (#$genls #$Foot-AnimalBodyPart #$Appendage-AnimalBodyPart) (#$genls #$Foot-AnimalBodyPart #$BiologicalLivingObject) (#$comment #$Foot-AnimalBodyPart "The collection of all vertebrates' feet. A foot is a terminal part of a #$Vertebrate #$Leg. Feet are used in locomotion, support, balance, kicking, etc.") ;;; #$Foot-UnitOfMeasure (#$isa #$Foot-UnitOfMeasure #$UnitOfMeasureNoPrefix) (#$isa #$Foot-UnitOfMeasure #$FPSUnitOfMeasure) (#$isa #$Foot-UnitOfMeasure #$UnitOfDistance) (#$resultIsa #$Foot-UnitOfMeasure #$ScalarInterval) (#$resultIsa #$Foot-UnitOfMeasure #$Distance) (#$argsIsa #$Foot-UnitOfMeasure #$CycSystemRealNumber) (#$comment #$Foot-UnitOfMeasure "The measurement function used in Cyc to represent the basic unit of length within the British (FPS) system. See also #$FPSUnitOfMeasure, #$UnitOfMeasure.") ;;; #$Form-StandardizedIBO (#$isa #$Form-StandardizedIBO #$TemporalStuffType) (#$genls #$Form-StandardizedIBO #$StructuredInformationSource) (#$comment #$Form-StandardizedIBO "A collection of information bearing objects (IBOs); a subset of #$StructuredInformationSource. Each element of #$Form-StandardizedIBO is an IBO having some standard set of labelled `fields' left blank for the user to fill in with individualized information. Forms usually accompany some sort of bureaucratic procedure, which they may be used to initiate or to certify. Examples include the elements of #$JobApplicationForm, #$DepositSlip, #$InsuranceClaimForm, #$OrderForm, #$TaxReturn, #$BirthCertificate, #$DiplomaDocument, #$ATMTransactionReceipt, #$MarriageLicenseDocument, #$DeathCertificate, etc.") ;;; #$FormalCOC (#$isa #$FormalCOC #$ExistingObjectType) (#$isa #$FormalCOC #$MicrotheoryType) (#$genls #$FormalCOC #$CodeOfConduct) (#$comment #$FormalCOC "A collection of microtheories; a subset of #$CodeOfConduct. Each element of #$FormalCOC is a code of conduct which is imposed by an organization. Formal codes of conduct typically are explicitly stated and publicly promulgated among the group subject to them; also, they are associated with prescribed methods of enforcement and punishment of violators. Thus, the collection #$FormalCOC includes the laws of any legal jurisdiction, the rules of deportment imposed by educational institutions, the practices of some strict religious sects, etc. In contrast, informal codes of conduct are norms that are not prescribed or enforced by formal means; for example, etiquette (#$MannersCodeOfConduct) and ethics (#$EthicsCodeOfConduct).") ;;; #$FormalProduct (#$isa #$FormalProduct #$ProductType) (#$genls #$FormalProduct #$Product) (#$comment #$FormalProduct "A collection of products. Each element of #$FormalProduct is a complete packaged product, including everything the customer gets when the product is purchased, e.g., the #$mainProduct, packaging, enclosures, warranties, etc. The typical packaged product as the retailer stocks it on the shelf and sells it at the register.") ;;; #$FormalProductType (#$isa #$FormalProductType #$ObjectType) (#$genls #$FormalProductType #$ProductType) (#$comment #$FormalProductType "A collection of collections. Each element of #$FormalProductType is a collection of products (i.e., tangible products, services, information products, etc.), all of which conform to a standardized product specification (i.e., a `form'). In Western-style capitalistic markets, elements of #$FormalProductType are often associated with a particular brand name (and perhaps model), since competing providers of products design them to be distinctive. For example, the collection #$InternalCombustionEngine is not an element of #$FormalProductType, but a specific collection of engines manufactured by (e.g.) Mazda would be. On the service side, the collection #$HairCuttingEvent is not a #$FormalProductType, but a subset of hair stylings for men (e.g., at a particular designer's salon) might be.") ;;; #$Format (#$isa #$Format #$Collection) (#$genls #$Format #$IntangibleIndividual) (#$genls #$Format #$Individual) (#$comment #$Format "Elements of the collection #$Format are attributes that are used to constrain the multi-valued nature of a #$Predicate. Consider a predicate PRED which takes five arguments, and fix any four of those arguments -- say arguments 1, 2, 4, and 5. The number of different legal values there can be for the third argument (given that we've already chosen the other four) is determined by which #$Format attribute has been specified for the 3rd argument place of PRED.. (1) If the #$arg3Format for PRED is #$SingleEntry, then there can be at most one single term that's legal (and thus at most one assertion), for those given values of arguments 1, 2, 4, and 5. To illustrate, let's consider a predicate with a lower #$arity, say (#$mother CHILD MOM), which says that the mother of CHILD is MOM. The #$arg2Format for #$mother should be #$SingleEntry, since an animal can have only one biological mother. (2) If the #$arg3Format of PRED is #$SetTheFormat, then there may be any number of assertions with different terms in the third argument position, but sharing the same values for arguments 1, 2, 4, and 5. E.g., the #$arg1Format for #$mother should be #$SetTheFormat, since a female can have multiple children. (3) If the #$arg3Format of PRED is #$IntervalEntry, then there may be multiple assertions sharing the values of 1, 2, 4, and 5, but with different terms in the 3rd argument; however, all the values for the 3rd argument must be overlapping elements of #$ScalarInterval (q.v.). E.g., the height of a person might be specified in several ways, with slightly different margins of error (or approximation), which is fine, but all those alternate values had better have SOME overlap since the person really just has one particular true height at any given time.") ;;; #$ForwardInferencePSC (#$isa #$ForwardInferencePSC #$ProblemSolvingCntxt) (#$genlMt #$ForwardInferencePSC #$BaseKB) (#$comment #$ForwardInferencePSC "The problem solving context which is used during forward inference.") ;;; #$Fragility (#$isa #$Fragility #$PrimitiveAttributeType) (#$genls #$Fragility #$PhysicalAttribute) (#$genls #$Fragility #$ScalarInterval) (#$comment #$Fragility "A collection of attributes; a subset of #$PhysicalAttribute. Each element of #$Fragility represents a specific property which determines how easily a physical object breaks. Different fragilities may be designated using a #$GenericValueFunction. Fragilities of objects are indicated with the predicate #$fragilityOfObject.") ;;; #$FrameOfReference (#$isa #$FrameOfReference #$ObjectType) (#$genls #$FrameOfReference #$GeometricThing) (#$comment #$FrameOfReference "A collection of geometric things. Each element of #$FrameOfReference is a representation of the context in which certain data are to be interpreted. Such contexts are typically physical (i.e., spatiotemporal), but contexts may also be purely mathematical. A Cartesian coordinate system represents a frame of reference.") ;;; #$FreeSheet (#$isa #$FreeSheet #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$FreeSheet #$SheetOfSomeStuff) (#$comment #$FreeSheet "A collection of certain pieces of tangible stuff. A #$FreeSheet is a #$SheetOfSomeStuff which has two sides open to the environment. I.e. over most of each of its surfaces, it is not #$sheetSurfaceConnected with something else.") ;;; #$Freezing (#$isa #$Freezing #$TemporalObjectType) (#$isa #$Freezing #$DefaultDisjointScriptType) (#$genls #$Freezing #$PhysicalStateChangeEvent) (#$genls #$Freezing #$Translocation) (#$comment #$Freezing "A collection of events. In each instance of this collection, an object is cooled to (and then below) its #$freezingPoint and is thereby changed from a #$LiquidStateOfMatter to a #$SolidStateOfMatter.") ;;; #$Frequency (#$isa #$Frequency #$DerivedNumericAttributeType) (#$genls #$Frequency #$Rate) (#$genls #$Frequency #$PhysicalAttribute) (#$comment #$Frequency "A collection of physical attributes; a subset of #$Rate. Each element of #$Frequency is a measurement of the number of times something happens during some time interval. Elements of #$Frequency may be either fixed values, such as 103 kiloHertz, or a range, such as #$Yearly, #$Hourly, or #$Rarely. See #$UnitOfFrequency for the units used by Cyc to measure instances of #$Frequency, e.g. (#$TimesPerSecond 35), (#$KiloHertz 103). Instances of #$Frequency are important in the characterization of types of #$WavePropagation.") ;;; #$Fried (#$isa #$Fried #$PreparationAttribute) (#$genlAttributes #$Fried #$Cooked) (#$comment #$Fried "The attribute #$Fried is a specialized form of #$Cooked. Food that is #$Fried has been prepared in an event of #$Frying.") ;;; #$Friendliness (#$isa #$Friendliness #$FeelingAttributeType) (#$genls #$Friendliness #$Affection) (#$genls #$Friendliness #$FeelingAttribute) (#$comment #$Friendliness "Emotion manifested by interest in another person (or, more rarely, in some nonhuman agent), good will towards that individual, and an inclination to favor him or her (or it). This is a #$Collection --- for an explanation of that, see #$Happiness. Some more specialized #$FeelingAttributeTypes than #$Friendliness are #$Love and #$Love-Romantic.") ;;; #$FrontSide (#$isa #$FrontSide #$RegionType) (#$genls #$FrontSide #$Side) (#$comment #$FrontSide "The collection of all the entire front sides (as conventionally understood) of all objects that have distinct #$Sides, one of which faces in the frontwards direction.") ;;; #$Fruit (#$isa #$Fruit #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$Fruit #$PlantPart) (#$comment #$Fruit "A subset of #$PlantPart. Each element of #$Fruit is a plant structure that contains the seeds of angiosperms. Many fruits have fleshy walls having high concentrations of sugars or fats, and these are often eaten by humans and other animals. Fruits usually develop from the ovary wall, although some fruits include other tissues; e.g., the flesh of apples and of strawberries develops from the receptacle, and the fruits of pineapple and fig develop from a whole inflorescence (group of flowers).") ;;; #$FruitFn (#$isa #$FruitFn #$CollectionDenotingFunction) (#$resultIsa #$FruitFn #$ExistingObjectType) (#$resultGenl #$FruitFn #$Fruit) (#$arg1Isa #$FruitFn #$OrganismClassificationType) (#$arg1Genl #$FruitFn #$Plant) (#$comment #$FruitFn "#$FruitFn is a Cyc function, specifically a #$CollectionDenotingFunction, which is used to denote the various natural kinds of fruit. #$FruitFn takes a single plant collection as its argument and returns the collection of fruits of that type of plant. (#$FruitFn PLANTTYPE) denotes the collection of all fruits from the elements of PLANTTYPE. Examples: (#$FruitFn #$AppleTree) denotes the collection of apples (corresponds to #$Apple-TheFruit); (#$FruitFn #$CashewTree) denotes the fruit of the cashew tree (note this does NOT correspond with #$Cashew-TheNut; the red pulpy fruit is used to make cashew wine).") ;;; #$Frustration (#$isa #$Frustration #$FeelingAttributeType) (#$genls #$Frustration #$Dissatisfaction) (#$comment #$Frustration "A feeling of irritation and dissatisfaction arising from unresolved problems or unfulfilled needs. This is a collection; for an explanation of a typical #$FeelingAttributeType, see #$Happiness.") ;;; #$Frying (#$isa #$Frying #$TemporalObjectType) (#$isa #$Frying #$DefaultDisjointScriptType) (#$genls #$Frying #$CookingFood) (#$comment #$Frying "Cooking food by partial or total immersion in hot oil until desired level of doneness") ;;; #$FullTime (#$isa #$FullTime #$WorkStatus) (#$comment #$FullTime "Attribute of being a full-time worker.") ;;; #$FullUseRights (#$isa #$FullUseRights #$UserRightsAttribute) (#$comment #$FullUseRights "An attribute of an object with respect to an #$Agent, meaning that if the #$Agent has this right to the object, it does not place any restrictions on what the #$Agent may do with the object. If there are restrictions on what the #$Agent may do with the object, they arise from other sources, such as formal and informal laws of behavior. E.g., even if you have #$FullUseRights to your car, you can't violate traffic laws, kill people with it, blow it up in a parking lot, etc.") ;;; #$FunctionFromQuantitiesToQuantities (#$isa #$FunctionFromQuantitiesToQuantities #$RelationType) (#$genls #$FunctionFromQuantitiesToQuantities #$NonPredicateFunction) (#$genls #$FunctionFromQuantitiesToQuantities #$EvaluatableFunction) (#$comment #$FunctionFromQuantitiesToQuantities "A collection of mathematical functions. Each element of #$FunctionFromQuantitiesToQuantities is a function that takes one or more numbers as its arguments, and it returns a number as its value. Examples: subtraction (#$DifferenceFn), square root (#$SqrtFn), absolute value (#$AbsoluteValueFn), and logarithm (#$LogFn).") ;;; #$FunctionOrFunctionalPredicate (#$isa #$FunctionOrFunctionalPredicate #$RelationType) (#$genls #$FunctionOrFunctionalPredicate #$Relationship) (#$comment #$FunctionOrFunctionalPredicate "A collection of mathematical objects. Each element of #$FunctionOrFunctionalPredicate is either a function or else a predicate which is functional in at least one argument place (see also #$FunctionalPredicate). Examples: #$SkolemFunction, #$IntervalMaxFn, #$ElectricalPotentialDifference, #$revenueFrom, #$costRateForType, #$permeabilityOfSubstThroSubst.") ;;; #$FunctionTheMathematicalType (#$isa #$FunctionTheMathematicalType #$RelationType) (#$isa #$FunctionTheMathematicalType #$Collection) (#$genls #$FunctionTheMathematicalType #$FunctionOrFunctionalPredicate) (#$genls #$FunctionTheMathematicalType #$Relationship) (#$comment #$FunctionTheMathematicalType "A collection of mathematical objects. Each element of #$FunctionTheMathematicalType takes some arguments and returns a unique value. Examples: #$TimeElapsedFn, #$IntervalMaxFn, #$SkolemFunction, #$PlusFn. Note that #$Predicate is a subset of #$FunctionTheMathematicalType, because predicates can be thought of as functions that return only (either) true or false.") ;;; #$FunctionalPredicate (#$isa #$FunctionalPredicate #$RelationType) (#$genls #$FunctionalPredicate #$FunctionOrFunctionalPredicate) (#$comment #$FunctionalPredicate "#$FunctionalPredicate is the collection of Cyc predicates which are functional in at least one argument place. Given a set of legal arguments for such a predicate's other argument positions, there will be a single value for the functional argument -- not two legal values, and not zero legal values. For example, (#$mother CHILD MOM) is functional in its second argument, since every animal has one and only one biological mother.") ;;; #$FunctionalSlot (#$isa #$FunctionalSlot #$PredicateCategory) (#$genls #$FunctionalSlot #$ProtheticSlot) (#$genls #$FunctionalSlot #$FunctionalPredicate) (#$comment #$FunctionalSlot "A collection of predicates; a subset of #$FunctionalPredicate. Each element of #$FunctionalSlot is a binary predicate which is also a function, and in which the second of its two arguments is the functional one. A functional predicate F is an element of #$FunctionalSlot if and only if, in assertions of the form (F X Y), for any legal value of X, there is always exactly one value of Y. #$FunctionalSlot is half of the set intersection of #$BinaryPredicate and #$FunctionalPredicate, namely for the cases where the second of the two arguments is the functional one. Examples: #$latitude, #$countryOfAddress, #$stateOfDevice, #$femaleParentActor.") ;;; #$FundamentalNumericAttributeType (#$isa #$FundamentalNumericAttributeType #$Collection) (#$genls #$FundamentalNumericAttributeType #$MeasurableAttributeType) (#$comment #$FundamentalNumericAttributeType "A collection of collections. Each element of #$FundamentalNumericAttributeType is a collection of measurable attributes, including #$Distance, #$Time, #$Currency, #$Mass, etc. The types of attributes in this collection are `fundamental' when contrasted with other attributes which are derived from them (such as #$Volume, #$Speed, etc.). Cf. #$DerivedNumericAttributeType.") ;;; #$Fungus (#$isa #$Fungus #$BiologicalKingdom) (#$genls #$Fungus #$Organism-Whole) (#$comment #$Fungus "The collection of fungi, the stationary, saprophytic, and symbiotic or parasitic eukaryotic organisms constituting an instance of #$BiologicalKingdom in many systems of classification. #$Fungus includes as subsets the collections #$Mushroom, #$Yeast, and #$RingwormFungus. Unlike most other instances of #$Plant, mushrooms are incapable of performing processes of #$Photosynthesis.") ;;; #$FurniturePiece (#$isa #$FurniturePiece #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$FurniturePiece #$HOCObject) (#$genls #$FurniturePiece #$PhysicalDevice) (#$genls #$FurniturePiece #$SolidTangibleProduct) (#$comment #$FurniturePiece "A collection of durable artifacts which are used in #$HumanShelterConstructions to make human dwelling places more comfortable. An instance of #$FurniturePiece is a whole piece of furniture, such as a table, chair, or chest of drawers; an arm of a sofa is not a #$FurniturePiece. Its subsets can be classified according to the main functions their elements serve: (1) providing support for people's bodies while they are seated or reclining (e.g., #$Bed-PieceOfFurniture, #$Sofa-PieceOfFurniture, #$FootStool, #$FixedTheatreSeat); (2) providing work/action surfaces (e.g., #$Desk-PieceOfFurniture, #$DiningRoomTable); (3) providing organized and/or protective storage for people's stuff (e.g., #$Dresser-PieceOfFurniture, #$Bookcase-PieceOfFurniture); (4) providing extra illumination or some other function in living and work areas (e.g., #$ElectricLamp). Most pieces of furniture belong to the collection #$NonPoweredDevice (q.v.) in that they don't need any energy input in order to do their function. Note: Yes, of course lamps, fancy console TVs, hospital beds, etc. are exceptions to that last rule -- they require power. But in a sense they are really objects performing multiple independent functions. A fancy console TV is a piece of furniture even when it's turned off; it just so happens to fulfill two roles, one as a piece of furniture and one as an appliance. When it's turned on, in fact, its users are intended to stop noticing it as a piece of furniture.)") ;;; #$FusionEvent (#$isa #$FusionEvent #$TemporalObjectType) (#$isa #$FusionEvent #$DefaultDisjointScriptType) (#$genls #$FusionEvent #$CreationEvent) (#$comment #$FusionEvent "A collection of events. In each #$FusionEvent, two or more objects fuse together, yielding a product.") ;;; #$GainingUserRights (#$isa #$GainingUserRights #$TemporalObjectType) (#$genls #$GainingUserRights #$TransferIn) (#$genls #$GainingUserRights #$ChangeInUserRights) (#$comment #$GainingUserRights "A collection of events. In an instance of #$GainingUserRights, some #$Agent gains possession of something. Thus, in such an event, that agent newly acquires a right (viz., some #$UserRightsAttribute) to use some item. The item in question is identified as the #$objectOfPossessionTransfer, and the agent is the #$toPossessor (i.e., the one to whom the possession comes). The #$Agent may or may not be a #$deliberateActors in the event; e.g., buying a car is done on purpose, but receiving a car as a gift isn't. If either of those two events happen to you, though, it is an element of the collection #$GainingUserRights.") ;;; #$GammaRay (#$isa #$GammaRay #$WavePropagationType) (#$genls #$GammaRay #$ElectromagneticRadiation) (#$comment #$GammaRay "A collection of events; a subset of #$ElectromagneticRadiation. Each element of #$GammaRay is an instance of electromagnetic radiation that has a #$wavelength less than 1x10^-2 #$Angstroms. Low power #$GammaRays overlap with high power #$XRays.") ;;; #$GaseousFn (#$isa #$GaseousFn #$CollectionDenotingFunction) (#$resultIsa #$GaseousFn #$TangibleStuffStateType) (#$resultGenl #$GaseousFn #$GaseousTangibleThing) (#$arg1Isa #$GaseousFn #$TangibleStuffCompositionType) (#$comment #$GaseousFn "A #$CollectionDenotingFunction. #$GaseousFn takes as an argument a collection COL, membership in which is based only on physical and/or chemical composition and not on any other property (see #$TangibleStuffCompositionType). (#$GaseousFn COL) is the collection of elements of COL that are in the #$GaseousStateOfMatter.") ;;; #$GaseousStateOfMatter (#$isa #$GaseousStateOfMatter #$StateOfMatter-SolidLiquidGaseous) (#$comment #$GaseousStateOfMatter "A basic physical state of matter. Gaseous objects are characterized at the macroscopic level by having diffuse boundaries (when outside of containers) and by great expandability and compressibility and (in some cases) combustability. Examples of things that typically have this attribute are: the Earth's ionosphere; the helium in a child's balloon; the highly compressed air in a diver's scuba tank.") ;;; #$GaseousTangibleThing (#$isa #$GaseousTangibleThing #$TangibleStuffStateType) (#$genls #$GaseousTangibleThing #$FluidTangibleThing) (#$comment #$GaseousTangibleThing "A collection of tangible substances. Each element of #$GaseousTangibleThing is a tangible thing which is in a #$GaseousStateOfMatter; i.e., its shapes would completely conform to the boundaries of a vessel containing it, and it is compressible. Examples: #$TheAtmosphereQuaSinglePieceOfStuff, the helium filling a child's balloon, a cloud of poisonous gas released from an Iraqi weapons dump during the Gulf War. Cf. #$FluidTangibleThing, #$LiquidTangibleThing.") ;;; #$GenValueFn (#$isa #$GenValueFn #$ReifiableFunction) (#$isa #$GenValueFn #$IndividualDenotingFunction) (#$resultIsa #$GenValueFn #$ScalarInterval) (#$arg1Isa #$GenValueFn #$IntervalBasedQuantitySlot) (#$arg2Isa #$GenValueFn #$Collection) (#$arg3Isa #$GenValueFn #$GenericAttribute) (#$comment #$GenValueFn "#$GenValueFn is a Cyc function, in particular, an element of #$IndividualDenotingFunction. It is used to denote an amount of a specified attribute that can be considered a generic value (very low, low, medium, high, or etc.) for members of the indicated group. Thus, (#$GenValueFn PRED COL GEN) denotes the amount which can be considered the GEN value of PRED for members of the #$Collection COL. Thus (#$GenValueFn #$heightOfObject #$BasketBallPlayer #$High) denotes the amount of distance which is a high height among basketball players. See also #$GenericAttribute.") ;;; #$GenderOfLivingThing (#$isa #$GenderOfLivingThing #$UnorderedAttributeType) (#$isa #$GenderOfLivingThing #$SiblingDisjointAttributeType) (#$genls #$GenderOfLivingThing #$AttributeValue) (#$comment #$GenderOfLivingThing "The collection of genders that organisms can have.") ;;; #$GeneralMicrotheory (#$isa #$GeneralMicrotheory #$ObjectType) (#$isa #$GeneralMicrotheory #$MicrotheoryType) (#$genls #$GeneralMicrotheory #$Microtheory) (#$comment #$GeneralMicrotheory "The collection consisting of every #$Microtheory intended to contain general axioms useful for multiple purposes. This excludes microtheories which deal with specific situations, such as instances of #$ProblemSolvingCntxt, microtheories that represent the information content of one specific #$InformationBearingObject such as the US Declaration of Independence. Examples of this collection are #$HumanSocialLifeMt, #$BuyingMt, and #$NaiveAnimalsMt.") ;;; #$GeneralizedTransfer (#$isa #$GeneralizedTransfer #$TemporalObjectType) (#$isa #$GeneralizedTransfer #$DefaultDisjointScriptType) (#$genls #$GeneralizedTransfer #$Event) (#$comment #$GeneralizedTransfer "This collection is a subset of #$Event. Each element of #$GeneralizedTransfer is a general kind of transfer event, in which something (tangible or intangible) is transferred from one `place' to another. #$GeneralizedTransfer includes changes in physical location, in ownership or possession, transfer of information, and propagation of wave phenomena through space. See also the related predicate #$transferredThing, and the specialized subsets of this collection.") ;;; #$GenericAttribute (#$isa #$GenericAttribute #$PrimitiveAttributeType) (#$genls #$GenericAttribute #$ScalarInterval) (#$comment #$GenericAttribute "#$GenericAttribute is a collection of basic attributes, such as #$Low, #$Medium, #$High, etc., which are applicable to a wide range of topics.") ;;; #$GenericValueFunction (#$isa #$GenericValueFunction #$RelationType) (#$genls #$GenericValueFunction #$ReifiableFunction) (#$genls #$GenericValueFunction #$IndividualDenotingFunction) (#$comment #$GenericValueFunction "A collection of Cyc functions; a subset of #$IndividualDenotingFunction. Each element of #$GenericValueFunction is a function that can be applied to an element of #$PrimitiveAttributeType and returns some `generic' amount (e.g., high, medium, low) of that attribute. Such functions are particularly useful for qualitative, hard-to-quantify attribute types, e.g., #$Happiness, #$Fragility, #$Absorbency, #$Glamor, etc. They save us from having to create individually the various levels of attributes like #$Happiness, #$Fragility, etc. Instead, for example, we need only refer to (#$HighAmountFn #$Happiness) as an alternative to painstakingly reifying `HighHappiness' and hand-entering all the formulas that such a constant requires (e.g. #$isa, #$followingValue, etc.). The compositionality afforded by the elements of #$GenericValueFunction allows this overhead to be taken care of automatically.") ;;; #$GeneticCondition (#$isa #$GeneticCondition #$PhysiologicalConditionType) (#$genls #$GeneticCondition #$ChronicCondition) (#$genls #$GeneticCondition #$CongenitalCondition) (#$genls #$GeneticCondition #$PhysiologicalCondition) (#$comment #$GeneticCondition "A collection of physiological conditions. An instance of #$GeneticCondition is an abnormal condition which developed in a particular organism due to that organism's genetic configuration. Such conditions are not contagious as infections are, but they may be hereditary. They are often harmful, in fact they are often #$AilmentConditions, such as encephalitis. Occasionally, though the mutation is beneficial, in which case it would be wrong to also label it an #$AilmentCondition.") ;;; #$GeographicalDirection (#$isa #$GeographicalDirection #$ObjectType) (#$genls #$GeographicalDirection #$TerrestrialDirection) (#$genls #$GeographicalDirection #$UnitVectorInterval) (#$genls #$GeographicalDirection #$DirectionExpression) ;;; #$GeographicalRegion (#$isa #$GeographicalRegion #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$GeographicalRegion #$Surface-Physical) (#$genls #$GeographicalRegion #$Place) (#$comment #$GeographicalRegion "A collection of spatial regions that include some piece of the surface of #$PlanetEarth. Each element of #$GeographicalRegion is a #$PartiallyTangible entity that may be represented on a map of the Earth. This includes both purely topographical regions like mountains and underwater spaces, and those defined by demographics, e.g., countries and cities. In all cases, though, note that the 'region' in question must contain some tangible component with which it is possible to make physical contact. The elements of #$GeographicalRegion contrast in this respect with the elements of #$GeographicalThing-Intangible, which are wholly 'imaginary'. Examples of #$GeographicalRegions: #$CityOfPittsburghPA, #$RockyMountainStates-USRegion, the #$Bahamas, #$YaleUniversity, #$SinaiPeninsula. Some important types of regions are represented by the subsets #$GeopoliticalEntity, #$LanguageArea, #$TimeZone, #$PostalCodeRegion, #$EcologicalRegion, #$ConstructionSite. No elements of #$GeographicalRegion are wholly indoor locations.") ;;; #$GeometricThing (#$isa #$GeometricThing #$ObjectType) (#$genls #$GeometricThing #$MathematicalObject) (#$genls #$GeometricThing #$SpatialThing) (#$comment #$GeometricThing "A collection of mathematical objects. Each element of #$GeometricThing is a spatial thing that can be described mathematically. #$GeometricThing includes abstract shapes of various dimensions (hence points, lines, curves, polygons, polyhedra), tensors, frames of reference, angles, etc.") ;;; #$GeopoliticalEntity (#$isa #$GeopoliticalEntity #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$GeopoliticalEntity #$LegalAgent) (#$genls #$GeopoliticalEntity #$GeographicalRegion) (#$comment #$GeopoliticalEntity "A collection of geographical regions. Each element of #$GeopoliticalEntity is a `thick' geographical region, in other words, a politically defined geographical region taken together with its government, people, artifical habitats, etc. Important subsets include #$Country, #$IndependentCountry, #$State-Geopolitical, #$City, #$Province. Examples: #$CityOfTokyoJapan, #$BoroughOfBronxNY, #$Alaska-State, #$Rwanda, #$Singapore, #$InnerMongolia, #$SomershireCountyEngland, #$Taiwan-RepublicOfChina. Although the name #$GeopoliticalEntity may suggest, elements are not necessarily elements of #$Entity.") (#$synonymousExternalConcept #$GeopoliticalEntity #$SENSUS-Information1997 "GEOPOLITICAL-ENTITY") ;;; #$Gesture (#$isa #$Gesture #$TemporalStuffType) (#$genls #$Gesture #$Situation) (#$genls #$Gesture #$VisualInformationSource) (#$comment #$Gesture "A collection of configurations; a subset of #$VisualInformationSource. Each element of #$Gesture is a configuration of animal body parts that has some meaning to an observer with an understanding of the interpretive convention. A gesture may include some tool or prop. Gestures may be fleeting (e.g., a hello wave) or may last a long time (e.g., the gesture embodied in the #$StatueOfLiberty). Note that, as defined in Cyc, a gesture is a meaningful configuration of body parts, NOT the actions producing the arrangement; for representation of the actions, see #$MakingAGesture.") ;;; #$GiftGiving (#$isa #$GiftGiving #$TemporalObjectType) (#$isa #$GiftGiving #$DefaultDisjointScriptType) (#$genls #$GiftGiving #$GivingSomething) (#$comment #$GiftGiving "A collection of events. In an instance of #$GiftGiving, one #$Agent intentionally gives all use rights over an object (see #$UserRightsAttribute) to another #$Agent without taking payment in return.") ;;; #$GivingSomething (#$isa #$GivingSomething #$TemporalObjectType) (#$isa #$GivingSomething #$DefaultDisjointScriptType) (#$genls #$GivingSomething #$TransferringPossession) (#$genls #$GivingSomething #$AnimalActivity) (#$comment #$GivingSomething "A collection of events. In an instance of #$GivingSomething, one #$Agent gives a tangible thing to another #$Agent. Every #$GivingSomething event can also be thought of as a receiving event. Note: The common case in which one #$Agent gives ownership of an object to another #$Agent is represented by the subset #$GiftGiving.") ;;; #$Glass (#$isa #$Glass #$TangibleStuffCompositionType) (#$genls #$Glass #$InanimateThing) (#$genls #$Glass #$TangibleThing) (#$comment #$Glass "A collection of tangible things. Each element of #$Glass is a piece of glass; e.g., a wine bottle, a plate glass window, a microscope slide, a crystal water goblet, the mirrors of a reflecting telescope.") ;;; #$Goal (#$isa #$Goal #$StuffType) (#$genls #$Goal #$MentalObject) (#$comment #$Goal "Each element of this collection is a state of affairs that some #$Agent prefers would hold; moreover, the agent is/will be taking steps to achieve (or maintain) that state of affairs. A #$Goal may be a reified Cyc constant, or may be represented by a #$CycFormula. Some subsets of #$Goal (that is, some classes of goals) include: species preservation (#$PreservingOwnSpecies), self-preservation (#$PreservingSelf), accomplishing a milestone (#$Milestone), avoiding hunger (#$HungerAvoidanceGoal), etc.") ;;; #$GoingToSleep (#$isa #$GoingToSleep #$TemporalObjectType) (#$isa #$GoingToSleep #$DefaultDisjointScriptType) (#$genls #$GoingToSleep #$IntrinsicStateChangeEvent) (#$genls #$GoingToSleep #$SingleDoerAction) (#$genls #$GoingToSleep #$AnimalActivity) (#$comment #$GoingToSleep "The collection of events in which an #$Animal goes from the state of being awake to being in a state of sleep.") ;;; #$GolfCart (#$isa #$GolfCart #$ProductType) (#$isa #$GolfCart #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$GolfCart #$TransportationDevice-Vehicle) (#$genls #$GolfCart #$LandTransportationDevice) (#$comment #$GolfCart "The collection of all motorized vehicles that are designed for golfers to use to drive around on #$GolfCourses while they are playing #$GolfGames. GolfCarts drive very slowly compared with #$Automobiles.") ;;; #$GovernmentCOC (#$isa #$GovernmentCOC #$ExistingObjectType) (#$isa #$GovernmentCOC #$MicrotheoryType) (#$genls #$GovernmentCOC #$FormalCOC) (#$comment #$GovernmentCOC "A collection of microtheories; a subset of #$FormalCOC (the set of formal codes of conduct). Each instance of #$GovernmentCOC is a formal regulation of behavior imposed upon agents -- including citizens, tourists, businesses, government entities, etc., in so far as they are subject to it -- who are located within the legal jurisdiction where that code of conduct holds. #$GovernmentCOC includes both individual laws and whole legal codes. Some examples of #$GovernmentCOC include: the Napoleonic Code, the United States Constitution and all Federal, State, and local laws of the United States, and the particular laws against stealing found in most, if not all, countries. Enforcement of a particular instance of #$GovernmentCOC is authorized by the government associated with that code and carried out by its agents within their jurisdiction(s). See also #$LegalCode and #$Law.") ;;; #$GovernmentFn (#$isa #$GovernmentFn #$IndividualDenotingFunction) (#$isa #$GovernmentFn #$ReifiableFunction) (#$resultIsa #$GovernmentFn #$RegionalGovernment) (#$arg1Isa #$GovernmentFn #$GeopoliticalEntity) (#$comment #$GovernmentFn "The Cyc function #$GovernmentFn is an #$IndividualDenotingFunction. Given an element of #$GeopoliticalEntity as its single argument, #$GovernmentFn forms a non-atomic term (NAT) used to denote the element of #$RegionalGovernment that governs that geopolitical entity. (#$GovernmentFn REGION) is the NAT used to denote the government of REGION. For example, what is denoted by #$UnitedStatesFederalGovernment is the same as -- i.e., #$equals -- what is denoted by (#$GovernmentFn #$UnitedStatesOfAmerica). See also #$government.") ;;; #$GovernmentLeaderNote (#$isa #$GovernmentLeaderNote #$SharedNote) (#$comment #$GovernmentLeaderNote "The distinction between #$HeadOfGovernment and #$HeadOfState is a subtle one. #$HeadOfGovernment is the set of #$Leaders who actually run the government. #$HeadOfState is the set of #$Leaders who are mainly ceremonial figures, fulfilling diplomatic roles such as hosting foreign dignitaries. For a given #$Country, these two roles may be filled by the same person, such as #$BillClinton for the #$UnitedStatesOfAmerica in 1996, or by two separate individuals; for example, in 1996 the #$HeadOfState for #$GreatBritain would be #$QueenElizabethII, while the #$HeadOfGovernment would be John Major (#$PrimeMinister-HeadOfGovernment). Cyc constant names indicate which government role is associated with a particular title; e.g., #$Sultan-HeadOfGovernment vs. #$Sultan-HeadOfState.") ;;; #$GovernmentMilitaryOrganization (#$isa #$GovernmentMilitaryOrganization #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$GovernmentMilitaryOrganization #$LegalGovernmentOrganization) (#$genls #$GovernmentMilitaryOrganization #$MilitaryOrganization) (#$comment #$GovernmentMilitaryOrganization "The collection of all #$MilitaryOrganizations which belong to, and are directed by, the governing body of a geographical region or international organization. The government organization may be a national government, state or provincial government, or an international governing body such as the #$UnitedNationsOrganization. The military forces may include armies, navies, air forces, military border patrols, coast guards, etc. This collection excludes private armies and mercenary forces.") ;;; #$GovernmentOfCountry (#$isa #$GovernmentOfCountry #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$GovernmentOfCountry #$RegionalGovernment) (#$comment #$GovernmentOfCountry "A collection of regional government organizations. An element of #$GovernmentOfCountry is the government of some element of #$Country; e.g., #$UnitedStatesFederalGovernment. See also the Cyc function #$GovernmentFn, which can be used to refer to the government of a political region. The governments of smaller regions within a country may or may not be #$subOrganizations of that country's government; in `federal' systems the smaller regions often have partly autonomous governments, as do the elements of #$State-UnitedStates.") ;;; #$Gram (#$isa #$Gram #$UnitOfMass) (#$isa #$Gram #$UnitOfMeasureNoPrefix) (#$isa #$Gram #$CGSUnitOfMeasure) (#$resultIsa #$Gram #$Mass) (#$resultIsa #$Gram #$ScalarInterval) (#$argsIsa #$Gram #$CycSystemRealNumber) (#$comment #$Gram "The measurement function used in Cyc to represent the gram used within the Metric system to measure mass. See also #$CGSUnitOfMeasure, #$UnitOfMeasure.") ;;; #$Granular (#$isa #$Granular #$PhysicalStructuralAttribute) (#$genlAttributes #$Granular #$Pourable) (#$comment #$Granular "A physical attribute. #$Granular is the #$PhysicalStructuralAttribute that describes a solid that consists of granules and has a grainy texture; e.g., sand, sugar, salt.") ;;; #$GraspingImplement (#$isa #$GraspingImplement #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$GraspingImplement #$HandTool) (#$comment #$GraspingImplement "A collection of tools. An instance of #$GraspingImplement is a tool which is intended to be used to grasp (and often to subsequently immobilize or control the location/movement of) some other solid object. Examples include each #$Vise, each pair of #$Forceps, each #$MonkeyWrench, each pair of #$Tweezers, etc. But not a balloon, a syringe, a doorstop, a cage, etc. A marginal positive example would be a magnetic tool designed to pick up something without actually touching it.") ;;; #$GraspingSomethingWithATool (#$isa #$GraspingSomethingWithATool #$TemporalStuffType) (#$isa #$GraspingSomethingWithATool #$DefaultDisjointScriptType) (#$genls #$GraspingSomethingWithATool #$HandlingADevice) (#$comment #$GraspingSomethingWithATool "A collection of the events in which a tool is used to grasp some object.") ;;; #$Gratitude (#$isa #$Gratitude #$FeelingAttributeType) (#$genls #$Gratitude #$FeelingAttribute) (#$comment #$Gratitude "A feeling of appreciation towards another agent for a benefit or favor received from him/her. This is a #$Collection --- for an explanation of that, see #$Happiness.") ;;; #$GreetingSomeone (#$isa #$GreetingSomeone #$TemporalObjectType) (#$isa #$GreetingSomeone #$DefaultDisjointScriptType) (#$genls #$GreetingSomeone #$CommunicationAct-Single) (#$genls #$GreetingSomeone #$SociabilityBasedAction) (#$comment #$GreetingSomeone "The collection of actions performed by one #$Agent to greet another. Includes verbal and physical greetings.") ;;; #$Grilled (#$isa #$Grilled #$PreparationAttribute) (#$genlAttributes #$Grilled #$Cooked) (#$comment #$Grilled "The attribute #$Grilled is a specialized form of #$Cooked. Food that is #$Grilled has been prepared in an event of #$GrillingFood, using a #$BBQGrill or an #$ElectricGrill.") ;;; #$GrillingFood (#$isa #$GrillingFood #$ScriptType) (#$genls #$GrillingFood #$CookingFood) (#$comment #$GrillingFood "Cooking food on a #$BBQGrill or an #$ElectricGrill.") ;;; #$GroundsOfOrganization (#$isa #$GroundsOfOrganization #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$GroundsOfOrganization #$OutdoorLocation) (#$genls #$GroundsOfOrganization #$GeographicalRegion) (#$genls #$GroundsOfOrganization #$RealEstate) (#$comment #$GroundsOfOrganization "A collection of smallish geographical regions. Each element of #$GroundsOfOrganization is an area which contains buildings inhabited by some organization. Examples: the campus of the #$UniversityOfTexasAtAustin or the grounds of #$SetonNorthwestHospital. Note that the `grounds' of an organization, especially an organization with urban locations, might not include a yard.") ;;; #$Group (#$isa #$Group #$ObjectType) (#$genls #$Group #$TemporalThing) (#$genls #$Group #$Individual) (#$genls #$Group #$Situation) (#$comment #$Group "A collection of objects. Each element of #$Group is a composite object, made up of individual members which may be either events or objects. A group is related to its members by the predicate #$groupMembers (q.v.). Note that elements of #$Group are NOT collections; consider: a group has temporal extent and may have spatial extent and location, while a collection is timeless and abstract. Nonetheless, it is possible to define a collection parallel to any group, so that the #$groupMembers of that group are also instances (#$isa's) of the correlated collection; e.g., each toe on my left foot is both an element of the collection of my left toes and a member of the group of toes on my left foot. But that group (of my left toes) is a spatiotemporal thing, while the correlated collection (of my left toes) is NOT. Another example: if I consider a certain flock of pigeons as having a location, a spatial extent, and a time of existence, then I am considering (the pigeon flock) a group and NOT a collection. As a default, a group whose #$groupMembers are elements of #$SomethingExisting is itself an element of #$SomethingExisting; and a group whose #$groupMembers are elements of #$Event is itself an element of #$Event. Finally, unlike a collection, a group cannot be empty; a group must have some #$groupMembers, or there is no group (at that point in time). Examples of #$Group: #$QueensGuard, #$ThreeWiseMen, #$SantasReindeer, #$InternationalCommunity.") ;;; #$GroupFn (#$isa #$GroupFn #$CollectionDenotingFunction) (#$resultIsa #$GroupFn #$ObjectType) (#$resultGenl #$GroupFn #$Group) (#$arg1Isa #$GroupFn #$ObjectType) (#$comment #$GroupFn "#$GroupFn is a Cyc #$CollectionDenotingFunction. #$GroupFn is used for referring to specializations of #$Group; esp. note that applications of #$GroupFn produce COLLECTIONS (of groups), not individual groups. #$GroupFn takes any element of #$ObjectType as its argument and returns a subset of #$Group, namely the collection containing those groups whose #$groupMembers are elements of that #$ObjectType. (#$GroupFn OBJ-TYPE) denotes the collection of all groups whose members belong to (#$isa) OBJ-TYPE. For example, (#$GroupFn #$BallisticMissile) represents the collection of all groups of ballistic missiles, e.g., Russia's ballistic missiles, China's ballistic missiles, the U.S.'s ballistic missiles, etc. Another example: A group of 101 (particular) Dalmatians #$isa (#$GroupFn #$Dog). Collections of groups of events may also be denoted; e.g., Columbus's voyages to North America constitute a group (of events) which #$isa (#$GroupFn #$Travel-TripEvent).") ;;; #$Guest (#$isa #$Guest #$HumanCyclist) ;;; #$GuidingAMovingObject (#$isa #$GuidingAMovingObject #$TemporalStuffType) (#$isa #$GuidingAMovingObject #$ScriptType) (#$genls #$GuidingAMovingObject #$ControllingSomething) (#$genls #$GuidingAMovingObject #$Movement-TranslationEvent) (#$comment #$GuidingAMovingObject "A collection of events; a subset of both #$ControllingSomething and #$Movement-TranslationEvent. An instance of #$GuidingAMovingObject is an event in which an agent guides or steers an object which is in motion. For example, someone steering a car or a motorcycle, controlling a surfboard, or flying a kite. If all you `guide' is a rotation, then that is not quite a #$GuidingAMovingObject event. Also, if no motion actually takes place, then it would be stretching things to call that a `guiding.' So a marginal example is #$Running (you are guiding yourself) and two marginal non-examples are: spinning in place, and running in place.") ;;; #$Guilt (#$isa #$Guilt #$FeelingAttributeType) (#$genls #$Guilt #$Shame) (#$comment #$Guilt "Negative, self-accusatory feeling of responsibility and blameworthiness for having caused harm by a past action, usually with conscious intent. Note that this is not `guilty vs. innocent', but rather the feeling of guiltiness. An unremorseful killer, though guilty (as opposed to innocent) of the murder, may not feel any #$Guilt (i.e., guiltiness) about it. This is a collection; for an explanation of a typical #$FeelingAttributeType, see #$Happiness.") ;;; #$Gulf (#$isa #$Gulf #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$Gulf #$BodyOfWater) (#$comment #$Gulf "A collection of topographical features. Each element of #$Gulf is a part of a sea extending into a land mass. Many gulfs are the outlet for a large river system. Examples of #$Gulf include the #$SaronicGulf, #$GulfOfMexico, #$GulfOfArkangelsk, #$GulfOfCalifornia, and #$PersianGulf.") ;;; #$Gusty (#$isa #$Gusty #$WeatherAttribute) (#$comment #$Gusty "A #$WeatherAttribute indicating that the wind at an #$OutdoorLocation is subject to sudden changes in direction and intensity.") ;;; #$HOCObject (#$isa #$HOCObject #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$HOCObject #$Artifact) (#$comment #$HOCObject "A collection of artifacts. #$HOCObject is a very general collection for all artifacts that are found in places where humans live or work, i.e., in some element of #$HumanOccupationConstruct (= HOC). Since these objects are considered to be found indoors, they are all roughly `human-sized'. Elements include everything from furniture to tools, appliances to artwork, medical examining tables to church altars and pews.") ;;; #$HPKB-User (#$isa #$HPKB-User #$HumanCyclist) (#$comment #$HPKB-User "The default Cyclist in the HPKB release.") ;;; #$HailProcess (#$isa #$HailProcess #$TemporalStuffType) (#$genls #$HailProcess #$PrecipitationProcess) (#$comment #$HailProcess "The collection of instances of #$PrecipitationProcess in which solid particles or small chunks of water ice fall to the earth from clouds.") ;;; #$HailStone (#$isa #$HailStone #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$HailStone (#$SolidFn #$Water)) (#$genls #$HailStone #$PrecipitationParticle) (#$comment #$HailStone "The collection of solid particles or small chunks of ice emitted from clouds in instances of #$HailProcess.") ;;; #$Hand (#$isa #$Hand #$SymmetricAnatomicalPartType) (#$genls #$Hand #$Appendage-AnimalBodyPart) (#$comment #$Hand "The collection of all terminal parts of a #$Vertebrate forelimb which are structurally suited to function as a grasping organ (as in people, newts, etc.). E.g., FerdinandTheBull has his forelimbs end in hooves, which are not capable of grasping things, so those are NOT considered #$Hands.") ;;; #$HandTool (#$isa #$HandTool #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$HandTool #$PortableObject) (#$genls #$HandTool #$Tool) (#$genls #$HandTool #$Device-SingleUser) (#$comment #$HandTool "The collection #$HandTool is a subset of #$Tool. Each element of #$HandTool fills all the requirements for a generic tool, plus the requirement that a hand tool is a portable object which is hand-guided throughout its operation. Examples include the elements of #$Screwdriver, #$ManualDrill, and #$BlowDryer. See also #$Tool, #$PortableObject.") ;;; #$HandlingADevice (#$isa #$HandlingADevice #$TemporalStuffType) (#$isa #$HandlingADevice #$DefaultDisjointScriptType) (#$genls #$HandlingADevice #$HumanActivity) (#$genls #$HandlingADevice #$HandlingAnObject) (#$comment #$HandlingADevice "A collection of #$Events; a subset of #$HandlingAnObject. An instance of #$HandlingADevice is an event in which a device is manipulated (with the operator holding and touching the device) in order to use it for its #$primaryFunction. Instances include elements of the subsets #$Pruning, #$PlayingAMusicalInstrument, #$OperatingAHouseholdAppliance, #$PumpingGasEvent, #$WritingByHand, and many more. Just carrying pruning shears around is not a #$HandlingADevice event.") ;;; #$HandlingAnObject (#$isa #$HandlingAnObject #$TemporalStuffType) (#$isa #$HandlingAnObject #$DefaultDisjointScriptType) (#$genls #$HandlingAnObject #$ActionOnObject) (#$genls #$HandlingAnObject #$PhysicalContactSituation) (#$genls #$HandlingAnObject #$ControllingSomething) (#$comment #$HandlingAnObject "A collection of events; a subset of both #$ControllingSomething and #$PhysicalContactEvent. An instance of #$HandlingAnObject is an event in which an object is touched and manipulated by some #$Agent. Examples of #$HandlingAnObject include instances of #$HoldingAnObject and of #$CausingAnotherObjectsTranslationalMotion. So just holding a rock in your hand is a #$HandlingAnObject; so is washing your cereal bowl (an instance of #$WashingDishes), cutting a loose thread on your shirt (an instance of #$CuttingAThread), and carrying the rock from one place to another (an instance of #$CarryingWhileLocomoting.) One very important class of #$HandlingAnObject instances involve operating some hand-held device --- i.e., events which are instances of the collection #$HandlingADevice. I.e., the performer handles an object which happens to be a device, but not just lugging it around but actually employing it for its intended #$primaryFunction --- not merely to look at it or rearrange or relocate it. For example, if you move a fork from the dishwasher to the silverware drawer, that's just #$HandlingAnObject; if you use that fork to eat some food, though, that is an instance of #$HandlingADevice.") ;;; #$Happiness (#$isa #$Happiness #$FeelingAttributeType) (#$genls #$Happiness #$FeelingAttribute) (#$comment #$Happiness "The enjoyment of pleasurable satisfaction that goes with well-being, security, effective accomplishments, or satisfied wishes. As with all #$FeelingAttributeTypes, this is a #$Collection -- the set of all possible amounts of happiness one can feel. One instance of #$Happiness is `extremely happy'; another is `just a little bit happy'. Note: Obviously there are no real units of measure for this quantity, ways of objectively measuring the amount of happiness possessed or gained or lost, etc., but still this has proven to be a useful way for Cyc to represent and reason with emotions. E.g., one can have a rule that says that most people have a greater `amount' of happiness at their wedding than at their high school graduation, etc. There are functions, such as #$LowAmountFn, which take a #$PrimitiveAttributeType (such as the instances of #$FeelingAttributeType) such as #$Happiness and return as their value a certain-sized amount of that feeling; e.g., (#$LowAmountFn #$Happiness) is an expression whose value is a positive but small amount of happiness, and that in turn will be an element of #$Happiness (and also will be an element of #$FeelingAttribute and an element of #$AttributeValue, etc.) #$FeelingAttributeTypes organize into a lattice; e.g., there are several more specialized forms of #$Happiness that are present in Cyc's ontology, such as #$Elation, #$Delight, #$Triumph-TheFeeling, etc.") ;;; #$Harbor (#$isa #$Harbor #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$Harbor #$OutdoorLocation) (#$genls #$Harbor #$BodyOfWater) (#$comment #$Harbor "The collection of those parts of a #$BodyOfWater, each of which is protected from the open sea and deep enough to furnish fairly safe anchorage.") ;;; #$HardcopyInformationBearingObject (#$isa #$HardcopyInformationBearingObject #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$HardcopyInformationBearingObject #$Artifact) (#$genls #$HardcopyInformationBearingObject #$InformationBearingObject) (#$comment #$HardcopyInformationBearingObject "A collection of information bearing objects (IBOs). Each element of #$HardcopyInformationBearingObject is an IBO in a `hard' format, e.g., written on paper, on wood, on palm leaves, engraved in metal, carved on stone. Humans can read hardcopy IBOs without using a computer or electronic device to access them. Thus, #$HardcopyInformationBearingObject does NOT include the tangible IBOs which are embodied in magnetic media (e.g., data or music on tapes or disks). Examples of #$HardcopyInformationBearingObject: a billboard, a greeting card, a restaurant check, a magazine, an engraving by Rembrandt, a ten dollar bill, a price tag.") ;;; #$Hardness (#$isa #$Hardness #$MaterialStrengthType) (#$genls #$Hardness #$ScalarInterval) (#$genls #$Hardness #$PhysicalAttribute) (#$comment #$Hardness "A collection of attributes; a subset of #$PhysicalAttribute. Each element of #$Hardness is an attribute describing how much pressure a tangible material can withstand before deforming or fragmenting. Hardnesses may be characterized using a #$GenericValueFunction (q.v.), or relative to certain substances, e.g., #$HardAsARock. Hardnesses of objects are reported using the predicate #$hardnessOfObject.") ;;; #$HardwareTool (#$isa #$HardwareTool #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$HardwareTool #$Tool) (#$genls #$HardwareTool #$SolidTangibleProduct) (#$genls #$HardwareTool #$PhysicalDevice) (#$comment #$HardwareTool "A collection of tools. An instance of #$HardwareTool is an object used to perform a task, usually by applying a particular kind of force on another object. The tool is used to produce a physical effect in the position, structure, or arrangement of the other object. Subsets of #$HardwareTool include #$Hammer, #$Screwdriver, #$HandSaw. An electric drill is also a #$HardwareTool. Borderline nonexamples include eating utensils, robot servants, screws, nails, and levers.") ;;; #$HarvestingAPlant (#$isa #$HarvestingAPlant #$TemporalObjectType) (#$isa #$HarvestingAPlant #$ScriptType) (#$genls #$HarvestingAPlant #$DirectedTranslation) (#$genls #$HarvestingAPlant #$RemovingSomething) (#$genls #$HarvestingAPlant #$TransportationEvent) (#$genls #$HarvestingAPlant #$HumanActivity) (#$comment #$HarvestingAPlant "A collection of events. Each instance of #$HarvestingAPlant is an event in which a plant is harvested. Harvesting may involve separating some part of the plant and leaving the rest in place (e.g., fruit trees), or it may involve removing the entire plant from its growing location (e.g., carrots).") ;;; #$Hat (#$isa #$Hat #$ProductType) (#$isa #$Hat #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$Hat #$ClothingAccessory) (#$comment #$Hat "A collection of objects. Each element of #$Hat is either a hat or other headgear or hatlike object. Subsets include #$Helmet, #$SwimmingCap, and #$Sombrero.") ;;; #$Hate (#$isa #$Hate #$FeelingAttributeType) (#$genls #$Hate #$Dislike) (#$genls #$Hate #$Contempt) (#$genls #$Hate #$Hostility) (#$comment #$Hate "An intense feeling of hostility and aversion, usually deriving from fear, anger, or a sense of injury, and usually coupled with enmity and malice. This is a #$Collection --- for an explanation of that, see #$Happiness.") ;;; #$HavingAMeal (#$isa #$HavingAMeal #$TemporalObjectType) (#$isa #$HavingAMeal #$DefaultDisjointScriptType) (#$genls #$HavingAMeal #$PurposefulAction) (#$genls #$HavingAMeal #$HumanActivity) (#$genls #$HavingAMeal #$DestructionEvent) (#$comment #$HavingAMeal "A collection of events. Each element of #$HavingAMeal is an event in which one or more diners consume a meal. In addition to #$HavingBreakfast, #$HavingLunch, and #$HavingDinner, this includes #$HavingASnack (among other subsets). Typically, instances of #$HavingAMeal include people eating some food and drinking one or more beverages.") ;;; #$Head-AnimalBodyPart (#$isa #$Head-AnimalBodyPart #$UniqueAnatomicalPartType) (#$isa #$Head-AnimalBodyPart #$AnimalBodyPartType) (#$genls #$Head-AnimalBodyPart #$SolidTangibleThing) (#$genls #$Head-AnimalBodyPart #$AnimalBodyPart) (#$comment #$Head-AnimalBodyPart "The collection of all heads of #$Animals. [Note: the hyphenated name reflects the need to have other terms in the knowledge base like #$Head-Vertebrate, representing a subset of this set, about which some useful specialized information is stated.]") ;;; #$Head-Vertebrate (#$isa #$Head-Vertebrate #$UniqueAnatomicalPartType) (#$genls #$Head-Vertebrate #$BiologicalLivingObject) (#$genls #$Head-Vertebrate #$Head-AnimalBodyPart) (#$comment #$Head-Vertebrate "The collection of all heads of #$Vertebrates (animals with backbones). Vertebrate heads all have faces (see #$FaceOfAnimal) and connect to the animal's torso via a neck; these things are not generally true for most non-vertebrates.") ;;; #$HeadOfGovernment (#$isa #$HeadOfGovernment #$OccupationType) (#$genls #$HeadOfGovernment #$Politician) (#$comment #$HeadOfGovernment "A collection of persons. Each element of #$HeadOfGovernment is a person who holds a political position as the titular head of the government in some element of #$Country. Titles that such a person might hold include Prime Minister, President, Premier, King or Queen, Minister of State, Sultan, Chacellor, Chairman. Examples: John Major, Benjamin Netanyahu, Bill Clinton. See also #$titleOfHeadOfGovernment. Cf. #$HeadOfState.") ;;; #$HeadOfState (#$isa #$HeadOfState #$OccupationType) (#$genls #$HeadOfState #$Politician) (#$genls #$HeadOfState #$Leader) (#$comment #$HeadOfState "A collection of persons. Each element of #$HeadOfState is a person who holds a political position as the titular leader of some element of #$Country. Titles that such a person might hold include President, Premier, Chairman, Sultan, King or Queen, Regent. Examples of #$HeadOfState: #$BillClinton, #$QueenElizabethII, Yasser Arafat, Hirohito, Jiang Zemin. See also #$titleOfHeadOfState. Cf. #$HeadOfGovernment.") ;;; #$HealthProfessional (#$isa #$HealthProfessional #$OccupationType) (#$genls #$HealthProfessional #$Professional) (#$comment #$HealthProfessional "The collection of all health-related professionals - including medical professionals as well as professionals not in the medical field. For example, health inspectors.") ;;; #$Hearing (#$isa #$Hearing #$TemporalStuffType) (#$isa #$Hearing #$DefaultDisjointScriptType) (#$genls #$Hearing #$Perceiving) (#$comment #$Hearing "The collection of sensory #$Perceivings in which, by means of vibratory sensors, a #$PerceptualAgent #$hears something that is causing (or consisting of) sound waves, and thereby acquires information about it. See also: #$ListeningDeliberately, the subset of #$Hearing events in which the aural stimulus is intentionally attended to.") ;;; #$Heart (#$isa #$Heart #$UniqueAnatomicalPartType) (#$isa #$Heart #$AnimalBodyPartType) (#$genls #$Heart #$Organ) (#$genls #$Heart #$MuscleTissue) (#$comment #$Heart "The collection of all hearts. A #$Heart is an #$Organ that pumps blood throughout the body of an #$Animal.") ;;; #$HeatingDevice (#$isa #$HeatingDevice #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$HeatingDevice #$PhysicalDevice) (#$comment #$HeatingDevice "A collection of physical devices. The set of #$PhysicalDevices whose #$primaryFunction is to generate heat to raise the temperature of something else. The stuff being heated might be gaseous (air in a room or a hair dryer), liquid (water in a pool or hot water tank), or solid (food in an oven, hair with a curling iron, plastic during its shaping, etc.) An instance of #$HeatingDevice typically has some energy input, some way of converting that energy to heat, and some way of delivering the heat to the object(s) to be heated. A borderline positive example of this is a device which absorbs heat during warm periods such as daytimes, and radiates it back out again during cool periods such as nighttimes. Note that heating must be a primary function of the device; no matter how little you think of your personal computer, it is not a #$HeatingDevice.") ;;; #$HeatingProcess (#$isa #$HeatingProcess #$TemporalStuffType) (#$isa #$HeatingProcess #$DefaultDisjointScriptType) (#$genls #$HeatingProcess #$TemperatureChangingProcess) (#$comment #$HeatingProcess "#$HeatingProcess is a specialization of #$TemperatureChangingProcess -- that is, (#$genls #$HeatingProcess #$TemperatureChangingProcess). During each #$HeatingProcess event, the temperature of the #$objectOfStateChange is increased by applying heat to the object.") ;;; #$HeavenlyBody (#$isa #$HeavenlyBody #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$HeavenlyBody #$AstronomicalObject) (#$genls #$HeavenlyBody #$PartiallyTangible) (#$comment #$HeavenlyBody "A collection of tangible objects. Each element of #$HeavenlyBody is an astronomical object located in outer space (including the Earth). Elements of #$HeavenlyBody are natural bodies, NOT artificially made objects such as spaceships or communications satellites. Examples: the #$Sun, #$Polaris-TheStar, #$PlanetPluto, #$MoonOfEarth.") ;;; #$Helicopter (#$isa #$Helicopter #$ProductType) (#$isa #$Helicopter #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$Helicopter #$TransportationDevice-Vehicle) (#$genls #$Helicopter #$ContainerProduct) (#$genls #$Helicopter #$AirTransportationDevice) (#$comment #$Helicopter "The collection of rotary wing, self-powered mechanical devices that fly.") ;;; #$HemispheresAndCalendars (#$isa #$HemispheresAndCalendars #$SharedNote) (#$comment #$HemispheresAndCalendars "#$CalendarSeasons are defined by the Gregorian calendar and are synchronized with the equinoxes and solstices. #$SeasonOfYear instances are climatic seasons, events characterized by the weather in a given region. The relationship between #$SeasonOfYear instances and #$CalendarSeasons depends upon the hemisphere (or, more precisely, upon the lattitude.) In the northern hemisphere, north of the tropics, a #$CalendarSummer will significantly intersect with the a #$SummerSeason each year. But in the southern hemisphere, that same #$CalendarSummer (which is the same in both hemispheres) will intersect with what is locally, weatherwise, a #$WinterSeason.") ;;; #$Herbivore (#$isa #$Herbivore #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$Herbivore #$Animal) (#$comment #$Herbivore "The collection of animals that do not eat other animals, or parts of animals, but instead eat plants or plant parts. #$Ruminant and its subsets #$Deer and #$Sheep are subsets of #$Herbivore.") ;;; #$HerdAnimal (#$isa #$HerdAnimal #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$HerdAnimal #$Animal) (#$comment #$HerdAnimal "A subset of #$Animal; the collection of all large plant-eating animals that travel and graze in social groups. Elements of #$HerdAnimal also belong to #$Herbivore; they include most instances of #$Ruminant and may also include Triceretops.") ;;; #$Hertz (#$isa #$Hertz #$UnitOfFrequency) (#$isa #$Hertz #$StandardUnitOfMeasure) (#$isa #$Hertz #$UnitOfMeasureNoPrefix) (#$resultIsa #$Hertz #$Frequency) (#$resultIsa #$Hertz #$Rate) (#$resultIsa #$Hertz #$ScalarInterval) (#$argsIsa #$Hertz #$CycSystemRealNumber) (#$comment #$Hertz "A Cyc function, specifically an #$IndividualDenotingFunction. #$Hertz represents the basic unit of measure for elements of #$Frequency (1 Hz=1 cycle per second). (#$Hertz NUM) denotes the frequency NUM cycles per second.") ;;; #$HighAmountFn (#$isa #$HighAmountFn #$GenericValueFunction) (#$resultIsa #$HighAmountFn #$ScalarInterval) (#$arg1Isa #$HighAmountFn #$PrimitiveAttributeType) (#$arg1Genl #$HighAmountFn #$ScalarInterval) (#$comment #$HighAmountFn "#$HighAmountFn is a Cyc function, in particular, an element of #$IndividualDenotingFunction. It is one of several functions used to denote so-called generic values for a wide variety of attributes. When ATT is a type of attribute, (#$HighAmountFn ATT) returns an instance of ATT which is considered `a high amount of' ATT in the current context. A high amount of ATT is more than (#$MediumAmountFn ATT) but less than (#$VeryHighAmountFn ATT).") ;;; #$Highway (#$isa #$Highway #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$Highway #$PathForWheeledVehicles) (#$comment #$Highway "The subcollection of #$PathForWheeledVehicles that contains all highways, inside or outside cities.") ;;; #$HindiLanguage (#$isa #$HindiLanguage #$LivingLanguage) (#$comment #$HindiLanguage "Language spoken in the Indic area.") ;;; #$Holdings (#$isa #$Holdings #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$Holdings #$Group) (#$comment #$Holdings "A collection of sets of objects, tangible or intangible, which have some special financial, scientific, cultural, or educational value. An instance of #$Holdings is a set of objects kept and usually maintained by some agent for their value, or to preserve the objects, or to make them available for public display or use (as in a museum's `holdings' or a library's `holdings'). The elements in a group of holdings may or may not be all of a similar type (e.g., books, paintings). An agent's holdings may or may not all be kept in the same location.") ;;; #$Holiday (#$isa #$Holiday #$ScriptType) (#$isa #$Holiday #$TemporalObjectType) (#$genls #$Holiday #$HumanActivity) (#$genls #$Holiday #$Event) (#$comment #$Holiday "Each #$Holiday is an #$Event wherein social celebrations and/or rituals are performed, typically lasting for one #$DaysDuration and typically coinciding with a #$CalendarDay. While #$Holidays are often #$AnnualEvents, they may also be one-time events or scheduled in some other manner. They are also contextual, as different nationalities, eras, etc. celebrate different ones.") ;;; #$HolidaySeason (#$isa #$HolidaySeason #$TemporalObjectType) (#$genls #$HolidaySeason #$Event) (#$comment #$HolidaySeason "Instances of #$HolidaySeason are events which encompass the activities around a #$Holiday (or group of #$Holidays). The clearest example is #$ChristmasSeason. While the exact boundaries of a #$HolidaySeason may be vague, it is nonethless a useful concept; in fact, much of the usefulness comes from that very fuzziness: it is hard to define exactly, but there are many things worth saying about it.") ;;; #$Hope (#$isa #$Hope #$FeelingAttributeType) (#$genls #$Hope #$FeelingAttribute) (#$comment #$Hope "Expectation of fulfillment or success. This is a collection; for an explanation of a typical #$FeelingAttributeType, see #$Happiness.") ;;; #$Horizon (#$isa #$Horizon #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$Horizon #$Place) (#$comment #$Horizon "The collection of all horizons, each being the far-off region within a few degrees of the horizontal plane, where the sky appears to join the distant landscape. The horizon is always relative to a particular point of observation.") ;;; #$HorizontalDirection (#$isa #$HorizontalDirection #$TerrestrialDirection) (#$comment #$HorizontalDirection "The element of #$VectorInterval that comprises all the vectors which are perpendicular to #$Up-Directly and #$Down-Directly.") ;;; #$HorizontalOrientation (#$isa #$HorizontalOrientation #$OrientationAttribute) (#$comment #$HorizontalOrientation "(#$orientation OBJECT #$HorizontalOrientation) means that OBJECT is horizontal with respect to the current instance of #$FrameOfReference. A linear (#$LongAndThin) object is horizontal if and only if its longest axis lies in the horizontal plane. A planar (#$SheetShaped) object is horizontal if and only if its two longest axes lie in the horizontal plane. Typically, horizontal objects include dinner plates, mousepads, ice skating rinks, parking lots, and stratus clouds.") ;;; #$HorsePower (#$isa #$HorsePower #$UnitOfPower) (#$isa #$HorsePower #$UnitOfMeasureNoPrefix) (#$resultIsa #$HorsePower #$PhysicalAttribute) (#$resultIsa #$HorsePower #$ScalarInterval) (#$argsIsa #$HorsePower #$CycSystemRealNumber) (#$comment #$HorsePower "An english unit of power. The power that, roughly, a single workhorse can continually supply") ;;; #$Hospital (#$isa #$Hospital #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$Hospital #$MedicalCareInstitution) (#$genls #$Hospital #$LocalCustomerContactPoint) (#$genls #$Hospital #$MedicalCareOrganization) (#$comment #$Hospital "Local (at one site) organizations composed of physicians, support personnel, and usually also administrators. The main function of the organization is to provide medical care (short or long term) to a number of patients/clients, for a fee if the patient/client is able to pay. A clinic services out-patients, while a hospital has in-patients. A hospital may have a clinic as a sub-organization, though.") ;;; #$HospitalCareEvent (#$isa #$HospitalCareEvent #$TemporalObjectType) (#$isa #$HospitalCareEvent #$DefaultDisjointScriptType) (#$genls #$HospitalCareEvent #$MedicalCareEvent) (#$comment #$HospitalCareEvent "What happens when you are in the hospital being treated for a disease like Cancer or Hepatitis or AIDS, or recovering from Surgery. This is not just a #$MedicalCareEvent which happens in a hospital; it's the whole event meant by a hospital stay. Also see #$HospitalRoomStay which only represents the stay in the room.") ;;; #$HostileSocialAction (#$isa #$HostileSocialAction #$TemporalStuffType) (#$isa #$HostileSocialAction #$DefaultDisjointScriptType) (#$genls #$HostileSocialAction #$PurposefulAction) (#$genls #$HostileSocialAction #$SocialOccurrence) (#$comment #$HostileSocialAction "The collection of all hostile or pugnacious events, adverse to someone, in which multiple agents take part, at least one of whom is acting deliberately. See also #$PurposefulAction. An element of this collection is #$AssassinationOfPresidentLincoln.") ;;; #$Hostility (#$isa #$Hostility #$FeelingAttributeType) (#$genls #$Hostility #$FeelingAttribute) (#$comment #$Hostility "A feeling of strong antagonism towards another agent, organization, or group, sufficient to motivate harmful speech or actions against them. This is a #$Collection --- for an explanation of that, see #$Happiness. Some more specialized #$FeelingAttributeTypes than #$Hostility include feelings of #$Hate.") ;;; #$HotAirBalloon (#$isa #$HotAirBalloon #$ProductType) (#$isa #$HotAirBalloon #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$HotAirBalloon #$AirTransportationDevice) (#$genls #$HotAirBalloon #$ContainerProduct) (#$comment #$HotAirBalloon "The collection of all hot-air buoyant balloons, #$AirTransportationDevices that usually lack a motor or a means of steering. Each consistes of a gas-bag into which hot air is introduced, and from which a basket or passenger compartment hangs.") ;;; #$HourFn (#$isa #$HourFn #$IndividualDenotingFunction) (#$isa #$HourFn #$NonPredicateFunction) (#$resultIsa #$HourFn #$CalendarHour) (#$arg1Isa #$HourFn #$NonNegativeInteger) (#$arg2Isa #$HourFn #$CalendarDay) (#$comment #$HourFn "(#$HourFn ?H ?D) denotes a #$CalendarHour -- in particular, hour number ?H (military time) of day ?D. For example, (#$HourFn 18 (#$DayFn 14 (#$MonthFn #$February (#$YearFn 1966)))) denotes 6pm Feb. 14th, 1966") ;;; #$HourOfDayType (#$isa #$HourOfDayType #$CyclicalIntervalGroupType) (#$genls #$HourOfDayType #$TemporallyDisjointIntervalType) (#$genls #$HourOfDayType #$TimeOfDayType) (#$comment #$HourOfDayType "A collection of collections. Instances #$HourOfDayType are 24 canonical subsets of #$CalendarHour, such as #$TimeOfDay-8AM. This is a proper subset of #$TimeOfDayType, which could include larger or smallers times of the day, such as `before noon' (which in Cyc in named #$TimeOfDay-AM).") ;;; #$HourlyWork (#$isa #$HourlyWork #$WorkStatus) (#$comment #$HourlyWork "An attribute; an element of #$WorkStatus. The attribute of being paid an hourly rate for work done.") ;;; #$HoursDuration (#$isa #$HoursDuration #$UnitOfTime) (#$isa #$HoursDuration #$UnitOfMeasureNoPrefix) (#$isa #$HoursDuration #$UnitOfMeasure) (#$resultIsa #$HoursDuration #$ScalarInterval) (#$resultIsa #$HoursDuration #$Time-Quantity) (#$argsIsa #$HoursDuration #$CycSystemRealNumber) (#$comment #$HoursDuration "This is a function that takes one or two numbers and returns, as its value, some amount of #$Time. An expression of the form (#$HoursDuration ?min ?max) denotes a quantity of #$Time that is at least ?min hours and at most ?max hours. (#$HoursDuration ?num) denotes a quantity of #$Time that is exactly ?num hours.") ;;; #$HouseholdAppliance (#$isa #$HouseholdAppliance #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$HouseholdAppliance #$MechanicalDevice) (#$genls #$HouseholdAppliance #$PoweredDevice) (#$genls #$HouseholdAppliance #$HOCObject) (#$comment #$HouseholdAppliance "A collection of devices, a subset of #$MechanicalDevice. It includes those mechanical devices typically found inside a #$HumanResidence. An instance of #$HouseholdAppliance is a device used in one of the tasks typically carried on in a home, such as food preparation, food storage, laundry, household cleaning, personal cleaning, cooling or heating the house for comfort, etc. Examples include elements of the collections #$Oven, #$Refrigerator, #$ClothesDryer, #$VacuumCleaner, #$HotWaterHeater, #$Furnace. Note that a bed, which naively is thought of as having no moving parts, is not a mechanical device, and hence not a #$HouseholdAppliance --- the same is true for most chairs, tables, sofas, and other articles of furniture.") ;;; #$HumanActivity (#$isa #$HumanActivity #$TemporalObjectType) (#$isa #$HumanActivity #$ScriptType) (#$genls #$HumanActivity #$AnimalActivity) (#$comment #$HumanActivity "A collection of events. Each element of #$HumanActivity is an activity that is performed by some instance(s) of #$Person.") ;;; #$HumanAdult (#$isa #$HumanAdult #$ConventionalClassificationType) (#$isa #$HumanAdult #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$HumanAdult #$Person) (#$genls #$HumanAdult #$AdultAnimal) (#$comment #$HumanAdult "The collection of human beings old enough to participate as independent, mature members of society. Since different societies have different age or maturity requirements for people to be considered adults, different axioms in various society-specific microtheories express these requirements. For most modern, Western, middle-class,... purposes, e.g., the current view is that anyone over 18 is an adult. In many cultures, adulthood occurs when one reaches puberty. Adulthood is #$contiguousAfter childhood; that is, a #$Person is a #$HumanChild for a while, and then is a #$HumanAdult.") ;;; #$HumanChild (#$isa #$HumanChild #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$HumanChild (#$JuvenileFn #$Person)) (#$comment #$HumanChild "The collection of all #$Persons in the childhood stage of life. Functionally, this ends when the child begins to take responsibility for themselves, work, have children of their own,... or, at latest, when the person's age greatly exceeds that at which most people reach those milestones. Generally, this means that it spans the period from birth to teenage years. This is highly dependent on context, of course; childhood in Shakespeare's culture ended around age 12.") ;;; #$HumanCultureType (#$isa #$HumanCultureType #$Collection) (#$genls #$HumanCultureType #$ConventionalClassificationType) (#$genls #$HumanCultureType #$ExistingObjectType) (#$comment #$HumanCultureType "A collection of all collections. Each #$HumanCultureType is a set of #$Persons with its own distinctive culture. Some elements of #$HumanCultureType are: #$FrenchPerson, #$EthnicGroupOfAustralianAborigines, etc.") ;;; #$HumanCyclist (#$isa #$HumanCyclist #$Collection) (#$genls #$HumanCyclist #$Person) (#$genls #$HumanCyclist #$Cyclist) (#$comment #$HumanCyclist "Cyclists who are also human (not androids)") ;;; #$HumanFamilyNameString (#$isa #$HumanFamilyNameString #$IDStringType) (#$genls #$HumanFamilyNameString #$IDString) (#$genls #$HumanFamilyNameString #$HumanNameString) (#$comment #$HumanFamilyNameString "The collection of family name strings such as ``Lenat'', ``Jones'', etc., which are given as last names (in most Western countries), usually at birth. Note: elements of this collection are really just character strings, not concepts like TheNameSmith that represent character strings.") ;;; #$HumanGivenNameString (#$isa #$HumanGivenNameString #$IDStringType) (#$genls #$HumanGivenNameString #$IDString) (#$genls #$HumanGivenNameString #$HumanNameString) (#$comment #$HumanGivenNameString "The collection of non-family name strings such ``Betty'' and ``Phillip'' which are given as first or middle names (in most Western countries), usually shortly after birth. This also includes nicknames like ``Red'' or ``The Refrigerator''. Note: elements of this collection are really just character strings, not reified concepts like ''TheNameBetty'' that might be used to represent character strings.") ;;; #$HumanInfant (#$isa #$HumanInfant #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$HumanInfant #$HumanChild) (#$comment #$HumanInfant "The collection of #$Persons in the infant stage of life. Functionally, this ends when the infant learns to walk (even just toddle) and/or talk (even a few words)... or, at latest, when the person's age greatly exceeds that at which most people develop those skills. Generally, this means that it spans the period from birth to about 12 - 18 months old. One of the subsets of this collection is #$NewbornBaby.") ;;; #$HumanNameString (#$isa #$HumanNameString #$IDStringType) (#$genls #$HumanNameString #$IDString) (#$genls #$HumanNameString #$ProperNameString) (#$comment #$HumanNameString "This is the class of names which human beings give themselves. See two of its important subsets, #$HumanGivenNameString and #$HumanFamilyNameString, for examples.") ;;; #$HumanOccupationConstruct (#$isa #$HumanOccupationConstruct #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$HumanOccupationConstruct #$ContainerProduct) (#$genls #$HumanOccupationConstruct #$HumanlyOccupiedSpatialObject) (#$genls #$HumanOccupationConstruct #$ConstructionArtifact) (#$comment #$HumanOccupationConstruct "A collection of places. Each #$HumanOccupationConstruct is a place where people do things, such as: the Empire State Building, an individual office in that building, the White House, the Lincoln Bedroom in the White House, an elevator, a tent, etc. An instance of #$HumanOccupationConstruct is an artificial construction belonging to the collection #$ContainerProduct, and its #$primaryFunction is as a place in which humans perform activities. Some large subsets include (a) instances of #$HumanShelterConstruction (e.g., houses); (b) sub-regions within a #$HumanShelterConstruction or within any building which are intended for human use (e.g., rooms, shower stalls), and (c) regions in any transportation vehicle which are designed for human occupancy (e.g., the cockpit, passenger compartment). Note: Some buildings which are not themselves instances of #$HumanOccupationConstruct, such as #$HooverDam, may have a sub-region which is a #$HumanOccupationConstruct (e.g., the control room at the top of the dam). Note: The collection #$HumanOccupationConstruct is broad enough to include tents, boiler rooms, elevator shafts, steam tunnels, and the space inside the #$LincolnMemorialInWashingtonDC. Thus, an instance of #$HumanOccupationConstruct need not be strictly #$Indoors (q.v.), since #$Indoors is meant to include many characteristics that those places do not necessarily share (such as humanly comfortable temperature, lighting at night, not terribly noisy or windy, clean). We therefore do not make the default assertion that a #$HumanOccupationConstruct is #$Indoors; however, an instance of #$HumanOccupationConstruct is certainly not a purely #$OutdoorLocation (q.v.), so we DO assert that those two collections are disjoint. Certain subsets of #$HumanOccupationConstruct, however, do have `indoor' characteristics, and so we assert (for example) that anything found inside instances of #$RoomInAConstruction or #$ModernShelterConstruction is found #$Indoors. Note: For places designed to be occupied by humans but which are purely outdoor locations (such as elements of #$Lawn, #$ParkingLot, and #$Playground), see #$HumanlyOccupiedSpatialObject.") ;;; #$HumanOccupationConstructResident (#$isa #$HumanOccupationConstructResident #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$HumanOccupationConstructResident #$Animal) (#$comment #$HumanOccupationConstructResident "The collection of those #$Animals that (commonly) reside in #$HumanOccupationConstructs -- i.e., in structures that also house people. This mostly just includes domestic pets and people.") ;;; #$HumanResidence (#$isa #$HumanResidence #$ProductType) (#$isa #$HumanResidence #$ContactLocationType) (#$genls #$HumanResidence #$PhysicalContactLocation) (#$genls #$HumanResidence #$HumanShelterConstruction) (#$comment #$HumanResidence "A collection of construction artifacts. Each element of #$HumanResidence is a humanly constructed shelter (or a part of one) in which humans reside--as opposed to, say, their places of employment (though the two might be the same). #$HumanResidence includes residential huts, igloos, longhouses, hotels, barracks, palaces, houseboats, mobile homes, as well as apartments, duplexes, and detached houses. A person's residence is typically the place where she/he usually sleeps and keeps most personal effects.") ;;; #$HumanResidenceArea (#$isa #$HumanResidenceArea #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$HumanResidenceArea #$HumanlyOccupiedSpatialObject) (#$genls #$HumanResidenceArea #$EcologicalRegion) (#$comment #$HumanResidenceArea "A collection of geographical regions. Each element of #$HumanResidenceArea is a region in which a number of people live, at least semi-permanently (i.e., for a year or more). Examples: #$SanFranciscoBayArea, #$ResearchTrianglePark, research stations at the #$SouthPole, radar posts in the Aleutians.") ;;; #$HumanShelterConstruction (#$isa #$HumanShelterConstruction #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$HumanShelterConstruction #$HumanOccupationConstruct) (#$genls #$HumanShelterConstruction #$ShelterConstruction) (#$genls #$HumanShelterConstruction #$ContainerProduct) (#$comment #$HumanShelterConstruction "A collection of artifacts; a subset of #$HumanOccupationConstruct. An instance of #$HumanShelterConstruction is a place made to shelter people from the elements by allowing them to get #$Indoors. Subsets include #$ModernHumanResidence, #$SchoolBuilding, #$ShoppingMallBuilding, many others. An instance of #$HumanShelterConstruction must have a roof and typically has sides, though the latter may be flimsy (as in elements of #$TentTheShelter) or even absent (as in some elements of #$ParkingGarage).") ;;; #$HumanlyOccupiedSpatialObject (#$isa #$HumanlyOccupiedSpatialObject #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$HumanlyOccupiedSpatialObject #$PartiallyTangible) (#$comment #$HumanlyOccupiedSpatialObject "A collection of places. Each element of #$HumanlyOccupiedSpatialObject is a place that humans occupy, not restricted to (though including) the interiors of things built by humans, such as houses, office buildings, and ships. #$HumanlyOccupiedSpatialObject also extends to campsites, caves, villages, and towns. Examples: Doug Lenat's house, North Austin, the Five Boroughs of New York, Minnesota, the Vatican, an Antarctic research station, and (briefly) the Moon.") ;;; #$HumidClimateCycle (#$isa #$HumidClimateCycle #$ClimateCycleType) (#$genls #$HumidClimateCycle #$AnnualClimateCycle) (#$comment #$HumidClimateCycle "A collection of annual climate cycles. Each element of #$HumidClimateCycle is a year-long event consisting of weather occurring (typically) in various continental and subtropical regions. Characteristics of a humid climate include copious precipitation and high humidity.") ;;; #$HumidContinentalClimateCycle (#$isa #$HumidContinentalClimateCycle #$ClimateCycleType) (#$genls #$HumidContinentalClimateCycle #$TemperateClimateCycle) (#$genls #$HumidContinentalClimateCycle #$HumidClimateCycle) (#$comment #$HumidContinentalClimateCycle "A collection of annual climate cycles. Each element of #$HumidContinentalClimateCycle is a year-long event consisting of weather occurring (typically) in continental interiors within a temperate climate zone. Characteristics of a humid continental climate cycle include a warm summer and cold winter, with precipitation throughout. A good example of a region whose annual climate cycles are instances of #$HumidContinentalClimateCycle is the American Midwest. Cf. #$HumidSubtropicalClimateCycle.") ;;; #$HumidSubtropicalClimateCycle (#$isa #$HumidSubtropicalClimateCycle #$ClimateCycleType) (#$genls #$HumidSubtropicalClimateCycle #$TemperateClimateCycle) (#$genls #$HumidSubtropicalClimateCycle #$HumidClimateCycle) (#$comment #$HumidSubtropicalClimateCycle "A collection of annual climate cycles. Each element of #$HumidSubtropicalClimateCycle is a year-long event consisting of weather occurring (typically) within a temperate climate zone. Characteristics of a humid subtropical climate cycle include a hot summer and a cool winter, with precipitation and moist air throughout. Cycles of this kind occur closer to the equator than do instances of #$HumidContinentalClimateCycle. For instance, the Southeastern United States is a good example of a region whose annual climate cycles are instances of #$HumidSubtropicalClimateCycle.") ;;; #$Hungry (#$isa #$Hungry #$OrderOfMagnitudeInterval) (#$isa #$Hungry #$LevelOfHunger) (#$comment #$Hungry "Hungry") ;;; #$IBOCreation (#$isa #$IBOCreation #$TemporalObjectType) (#$isa #$IBOCreation #$ScriptType) (#$genls #$IBOCreation #$IBTGeneration) (#$genls #$IBOCreation #$CreationEvent) (#$genls #$IBOCreation #$InformationTransferEvent) (#$genls #$IBOCreation #$HumanActivity) (#$comment #$IBOCreation "A collection of events; a subset of #$IBTGeneration. Each element of #$IBOCreation is an event which creates a new IBO (i.e., an element of #$InformationBearingObject). An IBO is a relatively long-lasting instance of #$InformationBearingThing. Examples of #$IBOCreation include publishing a book, making a film, printing a photograph, molding a plastic credit card, painting a billboard, minting a coin. When an IBO is created, its content may be either original or be copied from a prior IBO. For creation of IBOs with new content, e.g., a personal letter, see the subset #$IBTGeneration-Original; for creation of IBOs with pre-existing content, e.g., reprinting a photograph, see #$IBTGeneration-Replication.") ;;; #$IBTCopying (#$isa #$IBTCopying #$TemporalObjectType) (#$genls #$IBTCopying #$IBTGeneration-Replication) (#$comment #$IBTCopying "A collection of events; a subset of #$IBTGeneration-Replication. Each element of #$IBTCopying is an event which generates a new IBT (i.e., an element of #$InformationBearingThing) by copying the information and format from a source IBT (see #$informationOrigin). The new IBT encodes approximately the same information in approximately the same way as the source IBT. Examples: photocopying a document, faxing a document, duplicating a videotape.") ;;; #$IBTGeneration (#$isa #$IBTGeneration #$TemporalObjectType) (#$genls #$IBTGeneration #$Action) (#$genls #$IBTGeneration #$TransferOut) (#$genls #$IBTGeneration #$InformationTransferEvent) (#$comment #$IBTGeneration "A collection of information transfer events. Each element of #$IBTGeneration is an event which creates some information-bearing thing--thus, an event in which some idea or information is expressed. In elements of #$IBTGeneration, the particular IBT (i.e., element of #$InformationBearingThing) which is created may be either a transient wave phenomenon (e.g., made of sound, light, or radio waves), or it may be a relatively long-lasting instance of #$InformationBearingObject (cf. #$IBOCreation). Humans frequently generate such IBTs as spoken language, gestures, and handwritten notes. It is irrelevant for elements of #$IBTGeneration whether there is another agent who immediately (or, indeed, ever) accesses the resulting IBTs. Note the difference: reading is NOT an IBT generation event, but writing (usually) is. IBTs may be generated intentionally or unintentionally. Also, every communication act starts with an instance of #$IBTGeneration. See also: #$Communicating and its subsets, esp. #$CommunicationAct-Single.") ;;; #$IBTGeneration-Original (#$isa #$IBTGeneration-Original #$DefaultDisjointScriptType) (#$isa #$IBTGeneration-Original #$TemporalObjectType) (#$genls #$IBTGeneration-Original #$HumanActivity) (#$genls #$IBTGeneration-Original #$IBTGeneration) (#$genls #$IBTGeneration-Original #$PurposefulAction) (#$comment #$IBTGeneration-Original "A collection of events; a subset of #$IBTGeneration. Each element of #$IBTGeneration-Original is an event in which some original idea is expressed; that is, the content of the IBT generated is not a copy of the content of a previously created information-bearing thing. See also #$IBTGeneration, #$Communicating.") ;;; #$IBTGeneration-Replication (#$isa #$IBTGeneration-Replication #$TemporalObjectType) (#$genls #$IBTGeneration-Replication #$IBTGeneration) (#$comment #$IBTGeneration-Replication "A collection events; a subset of #$IBTGeneration. Each element of #$IBTGeneration-Replication is an event in which a new IBT (i.e., an #$InformationBearingThing) is created whose content is based on that of a preexisting IBT (which is the #$informationOrigin of the generation event). The new IBT contains at least part of the information content of the original IBT. It may use the same or a different way of encoding the information.") ;;; #$IBTRecoding (#$isa #$IBTRecoding #$ScriptType) (#$isa #$IBTRecoding #$TemporalObjectType) (#$genls #$IBTRecoding #$IBTGeneration-Replication) (#$comment #$IBTRecoding "A collection of events; a subset of #$IBTGeneration-Replication. Each element of #$IBTRecoding is an event which generates a new IBT (i.e., an element of #$InformationBearingThing), by taking information from a source IBT (see #$informationOrigin), encoding it a new way, and incorporating it into a new information-bearing thing (see #$ibtGenerated). Elements of #$IBTRecoding may be done either by agents (e.g., people) or by non-agents (e.g., record players, or computers running translation software). Recoding the content of a pre-existing IBT presupposes some instance of accessing it (i.e., of #$AccessingAnIBT).") ;;; #$IDDocument (#$isa #$IDDocument #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$IDDocument #$OfficialDocument) (#$comment #$IDDocument "A collection of official documents. Each element of #$IDDocument is an accepted credential for identifying some object. Important subsets of #$IDDocument include #$Passport, #$DriverLicense, #$SocialSecurityCard. Other examples include student ID cards, dog tags (worn by military personnel), dog tags (worn by dogs), authentication certificates for a work of art or an antique.") ;;; #$IDString (#$isa #$IDString #$IDStringType) (#$genls #$IDString #$CharacterString) (#$comment #$IDString "A collection of objects; a subset of #$CharacterString. Each element of #$IDString is a character string which is used to denote a specific object in some identification mapping; for example, instances of #$ModelNumber (e.g., ``JHS146973S2''), or instances of #$PostalCode (e.g., ``78751''). See also #$DenotedObjectFn and #$objectID.") ;;; #$IDStringType (#$isa #$IDStringType #$Collection) (#$genls #$IDStringType #$ObjectType) (#$comment #$IDStringType "A collection of collections. Each element in #$IDStringType is a collection of character strings which is a subset of #$IDString (q.v.). A few instances of #$IDStringType: #$ProductName, #$ProductVersion, #$EMailAddress, #$PhoneNumber, #$PostalCode.") ;;; #$IllocutionaryForce (#$isa #$IllocutionaryForce #$ObjectType) (#$genls #$IllocutionaryForce #$PropositionalInformationThing) (#$genls #$IllocutionaryForce #$SupposedToBeMicrotheory) (#$comment #$IllocutionaryForce "A collection of pieces of information; a subset of #$PropositionalInformationThing. Each element of #$IllocutionaryForce is a specialized component of a communication; its function is to indicate how the speaker in a communication wants the agent(s) whom s/he is addressing to understand, and respond to, the situation--i.e., the state of affairs--described in that communication. Isolating the `illocutionary force' of a communication allows us to characterize the intention of a speaker; e.g., whether s/he means to assert that the described state of affairs in fact holds; or to express a desire that such a state of affairs hold; or to command someone to make that state of affairs hold; or to offer to make the state of affairs hold. S/he may even intend to make something true by stating it (e.g., ``I name this ship `The Intrepid'.''). Usually, apprehending a speaker's intention is important for understanding what s/he means and what s/he intends the hearer to do. Although illocutionary forces can be represented propositionally, they are not generally communicated so explicitly. For example, questions in English are typically communicated by inverting subject-object word order and raising one's intonation at the end of the utterance. (The intonation marker so strongly indicates a question that it may suffice without the inverted word order, as in `You are going tonight' uttered with a rising intonation.) Commands in English typically have an (unexpressed) understood subject and perhaps a forceful tone. In every culture and language there are conventional sets of commonly used illocutionary forces which would be the subsets of #$IllocutionaryForce for that culture; e.g., in English, they include #$Inform contexts, #$Request, #$Offer, #$Promise, and #$Query. Note: although in this comment #$IllocutionaryForce is explained in terms of utterances, it applies to communication generally; so `speaker' and `listener' should be broadly interpreted to mean, respectively, any #$senderOfInfo and #$recipientOfInfo. See also #$Communicating, #$CommunicationAct-Single. The portion of a communication's information content that represents the illocutionary force is indicated using #$componentIF.") ;;; #$IlluminationModeAttribute (#$isa #$IlluminationModeAttribute #$UnorderedAttributeType) (#$genls #$IlluminationModeAttribute #$AttributeValue) (#$comment #$IlluminationModeAttribute "A collection of attributes. Each element of #$IlluminationModeAttribute describes something about the type of illumination falling on a region or an object. For example, #$DirectIllumination, #$IndirectIllumination, #$ReflectedIllumination, #$PartDirectPartIndirect.") ;;; #$ImmediateWeatherProcess (#$isa #$ImmediateWeatherProcess #$TemporalStuffType) (#$isa #$ImmediateWeatherProcess #$DefaultDisjointScriptType) (#$genls #$ImmediateWeatherProcess #$WeatherEvent) (#$comment #$ImmediateWeatherProcess "The collection of meteorological events of a duration shorter than seasonal processes. A particular hurricane event, for example, might be characteristic of a seasonal process for a region; but the hurricane event itself is an instance of #$ImmediateWeatherProcess. Another example of an #$ImmediateWeatherProcess is a single #$LightningEvent. (Cf. #$AnnualClimateCycle.)") ;;; #$InanimateObject-Natural (#$isa #$InanimateObject-Natural #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$InanimateObject-Natural #$InanimateThing-Natural) (#$comment #$InanimateObject-Natural "A collection of natural (i.e. not man-made) objects. It is a subclass of #$InanimateThing-Natural, distinguished from it mainly by only having subclasses which are existing object-types. Thus, #$CelestialObject would be a subclass of this collection, but #$Dirt would not.") (#$synonymousExternalConcept #$InanimateObject-Natural #$SENSUS-Information1997 "NATURAL-OBJECT") ;;; #$InanimateThing (#$isa #$InanimateThing #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$InanimateThing #$TangibleThing) (#$comment #$InanimateThing "A collection of tangibles. Each element of #$InanimateThing is a tangible thing which is not a living structure. Examples: #$YaleUniversity, the #$StatueOfLiberty, a U.S. ten-dollar bill, the #$MoonOfEarth, a safety pin.") (#$synonymousExternalConcept #$InanimateThing #$SENSUS-Information1997 "INANIMATE-OBJECT") ;;; #$InanimateThing-Natural (#$isa #$InanimateThing-Natural #$TemporalStuffType) (#$genls #$InanimateThing-Natural #$InanimateThing) (#$comment #$InanimateThing-Natural "A collection of tangibles. Each element of #$InanimateThing-Natural is an #$InanimateThing that is not man-made. Thus, the #$MoonOfEarth and the #$AtlanticOcean belong to this class, but the #$ArcDeTriomphe does not.") ;;; #$Inch (#$isa #$Inch #$FPSUnitOfMeasure) (#$isa #$Inch #$UnitOfDistance) (#$isa #$Inch #$UnitOfMeasureNoPrefix) (#$resultIsa #$Inch #$Distance) (#$resultIsa #$Inch #$ScalarInterval) (#$argsIsa #$Inch #$CycSystemRealNumber) (#$comment #$Inch "The measurement function used in Cyc to represent the inch used to measure length within the British (FPS) system. See also #$FPSUnitOfMeasure, #$UnitOfMeasure.") ;;; #$IncurringAnInjury (#$isa #$IncurringAnInjury #$ScriptType) (#$genls #$IncurringAnInjury #$SingleDoerAction) (#$genls #$IncurringAnInjury #$AnimalActivity) (#$genls #$IncurringAnInjury #$IncurringDamage) (#$comment #$IncurringAnInjury "A collection of events. An instance of #$IncurringAnInjury is an event in which an animal becomes injured. In such events, the animal which is hurt is the #$bodilyActedOn in the event. The condition which results of an instance of #$IncurringAnInjury would be an instance of #$InjuryCondition (q.v.). Also see the comment on #$AilmentCondition.") ;;; #$IncurringDamage (#$isa #$IncurringDamage #$ScriptType) (#$genls #$IncurringDamage #$PhysicalEvent) (#$genls #$IncurringDamage #$IntrinsicStateChangeEvent) (#$comment #$IncurringDamage "The collection of events in which some sort of damage is incurred to a person or property.") ;;; #$IndependentCountry (#$isa #$IndependentCountry #$SpatiallyDisjointRegionType) (#$genls #$IndependentCountry #$Country) (#$comment #$IndependentCountry "A collection of geopolitical entities. Each element of #$IndependentCountry is a distinct, independent geopolitical entity generally recognized by the international community. An independent country typically has a (relatively) stable government and enforced borders, its own currency, laws, culture, etc. Examples: #$UnitedStatesOfAmerica, #$Germany, #$Liberia, #$Mongolia-PeoplesRepublic, #$India, #$Taiwan-RepublicOfChina, #$Honduras.") ;;; #$IndependentOrganization (#$isa #$IndependentOrganization #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$IndependentOrganization #$Organization) (#$comment #$IndependentOrganization "A collection of organizations. An element of #$IndependentOrganization is an organization which is not affiliated with any #$ChainOrganization and that is not a sub-organization of any other #$Organization. An independent organization is neither the top-level organization of a chain, nor a lower level organization in a chain, nor is it an element of #$ChainOrganization. Note, however, that an #$IndependentOrganization may have several locations within a small geographical region; e.g., Texas French Bread (a single, independent business) has multiple locations in Austin, TX.") ;;; #$IndexedInfoSource (#$isa #$IndexedInfoSource #$ObjectType) (#$genls #$IndexedInfoSource #$AbstractInformation) (#$comment #$IndexedInfoSource "The collection of all information sources in which the information contained theirein is indexed by some set of terms, names, #$CharacterStrings, #$IDNumbers or codes. Given such an index term, there is a specific part of the #$IndexedInfoSource associated with that term. Each instance has some format or organizing structure imposed on the information, although the format might not be intrinsically ordered.. An instance of #$IndexedInfoSource is the abstract informational content of the source, not any particular physical object in which the information is stored. Examples include a #$Dictionary, #$Thesaurus, #$Database-AbstractContent, or a #$KnowledgeBase. Some examples that do not qualify are #$PaintingAsArtForm, or a #$CharacterString without any structuring information about it or that has no structure beyond being a string of characters.") ;;; #$IndexicalConcept (#$isa #$IndexicalConcept #$Collection) (#$genls #$IndexicalConcept #$Thing) (#$comment #$IndexicalConcept "#$IndexicalConcepts are those whose referent essentially depends on the occasion of use and the user, e.g., #$Now, I, Here. When I use the concept 'I,' I am referring to myself (#$OKeefe), but 'I' does not mean #$OKeefe, but refers to whomever the user is. Similarly, #$Now denotes the moment in which it used.") (#$overlappingExternalConcept #$IndexicalConcept #$SENSUS-Information1997 "RELATIVE-SPATIAL-TEMPORAL") ;;; #$Individual (#$isa #$Individual #$Collection) (#$genls #$Individual #$Thing) (#$comment #$Individual "#$Individual is the collection of all things that are NOT sets or collections. Thus, #$Individual includes (among other things) physical objects, temporal subabstractions of physical objects, numbers, relations, and groups (see #$Group). An element of #$Individual may have parts or a structure (including parts that are discontinuous); but NO instance of #$Individual can have elements or subsets. Important distinction: Though an element of #$Individual may have parts (e.g., #$physicalParts or #$groupMembers), that individual is NOT the same thing as the collection containing those same parts. For example, your car is an individual, but the collection of all the parts of your car is an instance of #$Collection. The latter -- the collection of parts of your car -- is an abstract collection; it doesn't have a location, it doesn't have a top speed, etc. -- it's just a collection! -- but it does have subsets, supersets, and members. Similarly: `Bill Clinton's immediate family' is an individual; however, the collection of persons who belong to that family is a collection. One final example: A company belongs to #$Individual and is distinct from the collection of its employees (which #$isa #$Collection).") ;;; #$IndividualAgent (#$isa #$IndividualAgent #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$IndividualAgent #$Agent) (#$comment #$IndividualAgent "The collection of all individuals belonging to the collection #$Agent. Each person, each animal, etc., is an element of #$IndividualAgent, in most contexts. Note that instances of #$Organization will in general NOT be elements of #$IndividualAgent.") ;;; #$IndividualDenotingFunction (#$isa #$IndividualDenotingFunction #$RelationType) (#$genls #$IndividualDenotingFunction #$NonPredicateFunction) (#$comment #$IndividualDenotingFunction "The collection of all Cyc functions which return elements of #$Individual. Examples: #$PerimeterFn, #$InteriorFn, #$GoalFn, #$MedalAwardCeremonyFn, all return particular individuals when applied to their proper arguments; e.g., (#$InteriorFn #$LincolnMemorialInWashingtonDC) designates the particular space inside the Lincoln Memorial. Cf. #$CollectionDenotingFunction.") ;;; #$Indonesia-TheNation (#$isa #$Indonesia-TheNation #$IndependentCountry) (#$isa #$Indonesia-TheNation #$Entity) (#$comment #$Indonesia-TheNation "The country of Indonesia, which comprises 13500 islands. Includes both physical and political aspects.") ;;; #$Infection (#$isa #$Infection #$PhysiologicalConditionType) (#$genls #$Infection #$AilmentCondition) (#$comment #$Infection "A collection of ailments; a subset of #$AilmentCondition. An instance of #$Infection is a disease condition in which microorganisms are abnormally present (or abnormally numerous) within an animal's body. The microorganisms involved in an infection may be some instance of the collections #$Bacterium, #$Virus, or #$ProtistaKingdom. Specialized subsets of #$Infection include: #$Bronchitis, #$Tonsillitis, #$SexuallyTransmittedInfection (which has further subsets). A particular case of tonsilitis is thus an element of the collection #$Infection.") ;;; #$InfectionFn (#$isa #$InfectionFn #$CollectionDenotingFunction) (#$resultIsa #$InfectionFn #$InfectionType) (#$resultGenl #$InfectionFn #$Infection) (#$arg1Isa #$InfectionFn #$ExistingObjectType) (#$arg1Genl #$InfectionFn #$AnimalBodyPart) (#$comment #$InfectionFn "#$InfectionFn is a Cyc function, and in particular a #$CollectionDenotingFunction. It is used to decribe ailments according to the region of the animal's body in which they are found. (#$InfectionFn REGION) denotes the collection of infections of the region of the body, REGION. For example, (#$InfectionFn #$Throat) is the set of all throat infections, and hence a subset of #$Infection. When you get a case of strep throat, that is an element of (#$InfectionFn #$Throat). When you get appendicitis, that is an element of the set represented by (#$InfectionFn #$Appendix-OrganPart).") ;;; #$InfectionTransmissionEvent (#$isa #$InfectionTransmissionEvent #$TemporalObjectType) (#$isa #$InfectionTransmissionEvent #$ScriptType) (#$genls #$InfectionTransmissionEvent #$IntrinsicStateChangeEvent) (#$genls #$InfectionTransmissionEvent #$GeneralizedTransfer) (#$comment #$InfectionTransmissionEvent "The collection of events in which some instance of #$Infection is transmitted from one member of #$BiologicalLivingObject to another.") ;;; #$InfectionType (#$isa #$InfectionType #$SiblingDisjointCollection) (#$genls #$InfectionType #$PhysiologicalConditionType) (#$comment #$InfectionType "Elements are the subsets of #$Infection. This type collection may be removed from the KB.") ;;; #$InferenceRelatedBookkeepingPredicate (#$isa #$InferenceRelatedBookkeepingPredicate #$PredicateCategory) (#$isa #$InferenceRelatedBookkeepingPredicate #$Collection) (#$genls #$InferenceRelatedBookkeepingPredicate #$BookkeepingPredicate) (#$comment #$InferenceRelatedBookkeepingPredicate "A collection of predicates. Each element of #$InferenceRelatedBookkeepingPredicate is a predicate involved in assertions used by the Cyc application to direct inferencing. Examples: #$defnIff, #$defnSufficient, #$termOfUnit, #$afterAdding.") ;;; #$InflatableBoat (#$isa #$InflatableBoat #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$InflatableBoat #$Boat-WaterTransportationDevice) (#$comment #$InflatableBoat "The collection of all inflatable boats, that is, boats (mostly small watercraft) that are composed of some fabric or membrane and are inflated with air to give them buoyancy in water.") ;;; #$Inform (#$isa #$Inform #$ObjectType) (#$genls #$Inform #$IllocutionaryForce) (#$comment #$Inform "A collection of illocutionary forces. Each instance of #$Inform consists of a piece of information contained (usually implicitly) in a communication, and which expresses the speaker's intention to inform the listener that the propositional content of what s/he utters is true. `Speaker' and `listener' are broadly interpreted to mean, respectively, any #$senderOfInfo and #$recipientOfInfo. See also #$IllocutionaryForce.") ;;; #$Inform-CommunicationAct (#$isa #$Inform-CommunicationAct #$ScriptType) (#$isa #$Inform-CommunicationAct #$TemporalObjectType) (#$genls #$Inform-CommunicationAct #$CommunicationAct-Single) (#$comment #$Inform-CommunicationAct "The collection of acts of conveying information by means of intentional communication.") (#$synonymousExternalConcept #$Inform-CommunicationAct #$SENSUS-Information1997 "ASSERTION") (#$synonymousExternalConcept #$Inform-CommunicationAct #$SENSUS-Information1997 "ASSERTIVE-ACT") ;;; #$InformationAdding (#$isa #$InformationAdding #$TemporalStuffType) (#$genls #$InformationAdding #$InformationUpdating) (#$comment #$InformationAdding "A collection of events; a subset of #$InformationUpdating. Each element of #$InformationAdding is an event in which information is added to the information content of an IBO (i.e., an element of #$InformationBearingObject). After the action, the IBO which is the #$informationDestination of the update `has' the new information (i.e., #$infoAdded). The resulting information content of that IBO includes both its content immediately prior to the addition, plus the newly added information. Examples of #$InformationAdding: recording a check in the check register of one's checkbook; taking the next photograph on a roll of film; adding a new constant to the #$CycKB.") ;;; #$InformationBearingObject (#$isa #$InformationBearingObject #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$InformationBearingObject #$InformationBearingThing) (#$genls #$InformationBearingObject #$CompositeTangibleAndIntangibleObject) (#$comment #$InformationBearingObject "A collection of objects which are both tangible and intangible. (See also the comment for its superset #$CompositeTangibleAndIntangibleObject.) Each element of #$InformationBearingObject is an object that can be interpreted, by an interpreter understanding its conventions, to yield a chunk or chunks of information. #$InformationBearingObject includes all of the following: (1) artifacts made solely for the purpose of conveying information (e.g., a newspaper, or a children's science video); (2) artifacts that convey information in addition to their intended function (e.g., Neolithic pottery); and (3) non-artifacts, such as a person's fingerprints, gestures, and utterances, which may be interpreted to yield information. Note: `an IBO' abbreviates `an information bearing object'. Cf. #$InformationBearingWavePropagation. See also #$containsInformation.") ;;; #$InformationBearingThing (#$isa #$InformationBearingThing #$Collection) (#$genls #$InformationBearingThing #$TemporalThing) (#$comment #$InformationBearingThing "A collection of temporal objects, including actions and events as well as physical objects. Each element of #$InformationBearingThing is an item that carries information, for an interpreter who understands its conventions. Examples: a copy of the novel `Moby Dick'; a signal buoy; a photograph; a flag; an elevator sign in Braille; a map; a US dollar bill; a resume; an account ledger; a word in ASL; a musical score; the #$Cyc program itself. Note: `an IBT' abbreviates `an information bearing thing'. See also #$SpecifiedInformationBearingThingType. For representation of the propositional content of information bearing things, see #$PropositionalInformationThing; but note that not all IBTs have a propositional content (cf. #$ArtObject).") ;;; #$InformationBearingWavePropagation (#$isa #$InformationBearingWavePropagation #$TemporalStuffType) (#$genls #$InformationBearingWavePropagation #$WavePropagation) (#$genls #$InformationBearingWavePropagation #$InformationBearingThing) (#$comment #$InformationBearingWavePropagation "A collection of information bearing things (IBTs). Each element of #$InformationBearingWavePropagation is a #$WavePropagation (q.v.) event that carries information, for an interpreter which understands its conventions. Examples of #$InformationBearingWavePropagation include sounds, radio signals, and images of visible light. These eventlike IBTs should be contrasted with the relatively static, persistent, objectlike IBTs in the collection #$InformationBearingObject.") ;;; #$InformationRecordingDevice (#$isa #$InformationRecordingDevice #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$InformationRecordingDevice #$PhysicalDevice) (#$comment #$InformationRecordingDevice "A collection of physical devices. An instance of #$InformationRecordingDevice is a device used for the recording of sensory information (i.e., audio and visual, but not encoded as character strings.) So an instance would be your answering machine at home (an #$AnsweringMachine), your cam-corder (a #$VideoCamera), but NOT your address book or your copy of the Yellow Pages. Note: A borderline case is a PDA (such as an Apple Newton) used to record handwritten script. If it then processes that information and converts it to ASCII characters, it has stopped being an #$InformationRecordingDevice in the currently intended sense. Probably a better name for this concept, therefore, would be DeviceToRecordAnalogInformation.") ;;; #$InformationRecordingProcess (#$isa #$InformationRecordingProcess #$TemporalStuffType) (#$isa #$InformationRecordingProcess #$DefaultDisjointScriptType) (#$genls #$InformationRecordingProcess #$PhysicalEvent) (#$genls #$InformationRecordingProcess #$IBOCreation) (#$comment #$InformationRecordingProcess "A collection of events in which information is recorded, using an #$InformationRecordingDevice. Every #$InformationRecordingProcess produces an #$InformationBearingObject.") ;;; #$InformationRemoving (#$isa #$InformationRemoving #$TemporalStuffType) (#$genls #$InformationRemoving #$InformationUpdating) (#$comment #$InformationRemoving "The collection of actions in which information is removed from or erased from an IBO (#$InformationBearingObject). After the action, the remaining info content, if any, of the IBO acted on is only a part of what it started out to be. The removed information doesn't go anywhere; after removal it doesn't end up encoded in something else.") ;;; #$InformationTransferEvent (#$isa #$InformationTransferEvent #$TemporalObjectType) (#$isa #$InformationTransferEvent #$ScriptType) (#$genls #$InformationTransferEvent #$GeneralizedTransfer) (#$comment #$InformationTransferEvent "A collection of events. Each element of #$InformationTransferEvent is an event in which information is transferred from a source (#$informationOrigin) to a destination (#$informationDestination), both of which are either intelligent agents or IBTs (i.e., elements of #$InformationBearingThing). Examples: reading a book (transfer from book to reader); saying something to someone (transfer from speaker to listener); machine translation (transfer from an encoded IBT in the source language to an encoded IBT in the target language); OCR scanning (transfer of info from visual information source to another IBT in different format); carving initials in a tree (transfer from agent to IBT), etc. Note: this is a generalization of the `mtrans' operator in Roger Schank's Conceptual Dependency theory.") ;;; #$InformationUpdating (#$isa #$InformationUpdating #$TemporalStuffType) (#$genls #$InformationUpdating #$InformationTransferEvent) (#$comment #$InformationUpdating "A collection of information transfer events. Each element of #$InformationUpdating is an event in which the information content of an IBO (i.e., an element of #$InformationBearingObject) is altered, either by removing or by adding information, or both. Note that this is possible only for tangible IBOs.") ;;; #$Ingesting (#$isa #$Ingesting #$TemporalStuffType) (#$isa #$Ingesting #$ScriptType) (#$genls #$Ingesting #$HumanActivity) (#$genls #$Ingesting #$DirectedTranslation) (#$genls #$Ingesting #$VoluntaryBodyMovement) (#$genls #$Ingesting #$BiologicalIntakeEvent) (#$genls #$Ingesting #$BodilyFunctionEvent) (#$comment #$Ingesting "A collection of events; a subset of #$BiologicalIntakeEvent. Each element of #$Ingesting is a complex process in which a thing is brought into some organism's mouth from the outside, is swallowed, and is moved to the organism's stomach. Every element of #$Ingesting has among its #$subEvents an instance of #$Swallowing which occurs after the intake. (Thus, though chewing gum is a #$BiologicalIntakeEvent, it is not an #$Ingesting unless the gum is swallowed.) An ingesting event ends when the ingested stuff reaches the ingester's stomach (where an instance of #$DigestionEvent begins -- provided that what was ingested is an element of #$EdibleStuff).") ;;; #$IngestingFn (#$isa #$IngestingFn #$CollectionDenotingFunction) (#$resultIsa #$IngestingFn #$TemporalObjectType) (#$resultGenl #$IngestingFn #$Ingesting) (#$arg1Isa #$IngestingFn #$StuffType) (#$arg1Genl #$IngestingFn #$PartiallyTangible) (#$comment #$IngestingFn "The Cyc function #$IngestingFn is a #$CollectionDenotingFunction. It is used to represent collections of events in which certain types of things are consumed. (#$IngestingFn STUFFTYPE) denotes the collection of events in which a tangible substance of the type STUFFTYPE is ingested. For example, lots of instances of (#$IngestingFn #$Popcorn) occur at the movies.") ;;; #$Inhaling (#$isa #$Inhaling #$TemporalStuffType) (#$isa #$Inhaling #$DefaultDisjointScriptType) (#$genls #$Inhaling #$BodyMovementEvent) (#$genls #$Inhaling #$BiologicalIntakeEvent) (#$comment #$Inhaling "The collection of all body movement events in which an animal takes air in through an appropriate portal (#$Mouth, #$Nose) and passes it into its #$Lungs. The elements of #$Breathing all have #$subEvents which are #$Inhalings.") ;;; #$InorganicStuff (#$isa #$InorganicStuff #$ExistingStuffType) (#$genls #$InorganicStuff #$InanimateThing) (#$genls #$InorganicStuff #$TangibleThing) (#$comment #$InorganicStuff "A collection of tangible things. Each element of #$InorganicStuff is a tangible thing which is wholly composed of one or more types of inorganic #$Molecule. Instances of #$InorganicStuff usually didn't originate as parts or products of living things.") ;;; #$Insect (#$isa #$Insect #$BiologicalClass) (#$genls #$Insect #$Arthropod) (#$comment #$Insect "A collection of animals; a subset of #$Arthropod. Each element of #$Insect is a small arthropod whose body is segmented into thirds, with three pairs of legs, and one or two pairs of wings. The most familiar members of #$Arthropod are the 'bugs' encountered in human daily life. Some insects bite, some infest houses, and some carry disease. #$Insect is an instance of #$BiologicalClass.") ;;; #$InsideSurface (#$isa #$InsideSurface #$RegionType) (#$genls #$InsideSurface #$Surface-Physical) (#$comment #$InsideSurface "The collection of all inside surfaces of (surfaces of the interiors of) tangible things. The tangible thing may have a #$Cavity or several cavities or passageways. Often the tangible thing can be thought of as a container of some sort.") ;;; #$Instructions (#$isa #$Instructions #$ObjectType) (#$genls #$Instructions #$PropositionalInformationThing) (#$comment #$Instructions "A collection of executable pieces of information; a subset of #$PropositionalInformationThing. Each element of #$Instructions outlines a sequence of tasks to be performed, such as instructions on a food package, verbal instructions, etc.") ;;; #$InsulatorResistance (#$isa #$InsulatorResistance #$ElectricalResistance) (#$comment #$InsulatorResistance "A measurable physical attribute. #$InsulatorResistance is the element of #$ElectricalResistance that represents a very high level of electrical resistance. An object having #$InsulatorResistance conducts no electricity at all. See also #$resistanceOfObject.") ;;; #$InsuranceProvider (#$isa #$InsuranceProvider #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$InsuranceProvider #$ServiceOrganization) (#$comment #$InsuranceProvider "A collection of organizations; a subset of #$ServiceOrganization. An element of #$InsuranceProvider is an organization whose #$MainFunction is to provide financial and material protection to its clients in the event of sickness, death, natural disaster, loss, theft, lawsuits, etc. (Insurers may specialize in one or more of those areas.) Elements of #$InsuranceProvider may belong to either #$CommercialServiceOrganization or #$NonProfitOrganization (including insurance providers belonging to #$LegalGovernmentOrganization). Examples include State Farm Insurance Co., Aetna Casualty Co., Lutheran Brotherhood, and all fifty members of U.S. #$StateMedicaidAdministrationOrganizations.") ;;; #$Intangible (#$isa #$Intangible #$Collection) (#$genls #$Intangible #$Thing) (#$comment #$Intangible "The collection of things that are not physical -- are not made of, or encoded in, matter. Every #$Collection is an #$Intangible (even if its instances are tangible), and so are some #$Individuals. Caution: do not confuse `tangibility' with `perceivability' -- humans can perceive light even though it's intangible--at least in a sense. For more on this issue, see the relevant #$cyclistNotes.") ;;; #$IntangibleExistingThing (#$isa #$IntangibleExistingThing #$ExistingStuffType) (#$isa #$IntangibleExistingThing #$ObjectType) (#$genls #$IntangibleExistingThing #$IntangibleIndividual) (#$genls #$IntangibleExistingThing #$PartiallyIntangible) (#$comment #$IntangibleExistingThing "The set of things which are intangible yet exist in time. E.g., the code of conduct for a formal dinner party, the standards for acceptance to Caltech as an undergrad, an account at Sears, etc.") ;;; #$IntangibleIndividual (#$isa #$IntangibleIndividual #$ObjectType) (#$genls #$IntangibleIndividual #$Intangible) (#$genls #$IntangibleIndividual #$Individual) (#$comment #$IntangibleIndividual "The collection of intangible individuals, a subset of #$Intangible and of #$Individual. The elements of #$IntangibleIndividual do not have mass, volume, color, etc. E.g., hours, ideas, algorithms, integers, distances, and so on. However, as a subset of #$Individual, this collection EXCLUDES sets and collections, which are elements of #$Intangible but not of #$IntangibleIndividual.") ;;; #$IntangibleObjectPredicate (#$isa #$IntangibleObjectPredicate #$PredicateCategory) (#$genls #$IntangibleObjectPredicate #$ExtensionalRepresentationPredicate) (#$comment #$IntangibleObjectPredicate "A collection of predicates. Each element of #$IntangibleObjectPredicate is a predicate used in assertions which describe the properties of intangible objects. For example, #$knowsAbout, #$titleOfHeadOfGovernment, #$religionOfRule, #$standardUnitMeasuring, #$territoriesControlled.") ;;; #$Integer (#$isa #$Integer #$Collection) (#$isa #$Integer #$MeasurableAttributeType) (#$genls #$Integer #$RealNumber) (#$genls #$Integer #$RationalNumber) (#$comment #$Integer "The collection of all whole numbers; a subset of #$RationalNumber. Each element of #$Integer is a whole number, resolvable into units with no fractional remainder. An integer may be positive (e.g., 42), zero, or negative (e.g., -42).") ;;; #$IntelligentAgent (#$isa #$IntelligentAgent #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$IntelligentAgent #$Agent) (#$comment #$IntelligentAgent "The collection of all intelligent agents. Each element of #$IntelligentAgent is an agent that is capable of having knowledge which it employs in its actions. An intelligent agent #$knowsAbout certain things, and having #$beliefs (and possibly #$goals) concerning those things may influence its actions. In addition to persons, Cyc considers certain social beings, such as business and government organizations, and intelligent machines, to be intelligent agents. See also #$Agent, #$performedBy.") ;;; #$IntendedFunction (#$isa #$IntendedFunction #$CapacityAttribute) (#$comment #$IntendedFunction "An element of #$CapacityAttribute. The attribute #$IntendedFunction characterizes an entity participating in a situation as doing so in its intended function.") ;;; #$IntensionalRepresentationPredicate (#$isa #$IntensionalRepresentationPredicate #$PredicateCategory) (#$genls #$IntensionalRepresentationPredicate #$Predicate) (#$comment #$IntensionalRepresentationPredicate "A collection of predicates. Each element of #$IntensionalRepresentationPredicate is a predicate used to form assertions about the properties of collections. These predicates implement the intensional structure of the ontology; e.g., #$citizens, #$unitsMeasuringThisQuantity, #$hasDepartmentTypes, #$granuleOfTime, #$objectTypeTransported, #$contraryFeelings.") ;;; #$InterActorSlot (#$isa #$InterActorSlot #$PredicateCategory) (#$genls #$InterActorSlot #$ExtensionalRepresentationPredicate) (#$genls #$InterActorSlot #$BinaryPredicate) (#$comment #$InterActorSlot "A collection of predicates. Each element of #$InterActorSlot is a binary predicate used in assertions that state the relationship between two actors in some event, actual or implied. The event in which the actors participate may or may not be explicitly represented in the KB. For example, (#$authorOfPublication X Y) implies the existence of a #$Writing event in which X is the author and Y is the book written. Examples: #$agreeingAgents, #$artisticWorksCreated, #$spouse, #$wornOn.") ;;; #$InterExistingObjectSlot (#$isa #$InterExistingObjectSlot #$PredicateCategory) (#$genls #$InterExistingObjectSlot #$BinaryPredicate) (#$genls #$InterExistingObjectSlot #$ExtensionalRepresentationPredicate) (#$comment #$InterExistingObjectSlot "A collection of predicates. Each element of #$InterExistingObjectSlot is a binary predicate used in assertions that relate two elements of #$SomethingExisting (i.e., two objects). Examples: #$soldAt, #$derivedFrom, #$cohabitants, #$soilComponent, #$containsInformation, #$capitalCity, #$electricallyConnectedTo.") ;;; #$InterPersonalRelationSlot (#$isa #$InterPersonalRelationSlot #$PredicateCategory) (#$genls #$InterPersonalRelationSlot #$InterExistingObjectSlot) (#$comment #$InterPersonalRelationSlot "A collection of predicates. Each element of #$InterPersonalRelationSlot is a binary predicate used to represent relationships between two instances of #$Animal. Examples: #$mate, #$friends.") ;;; #$InterconvertibleUnitType (#$isa #$InterconvertibleUnitType #$Collection) (#$genls #$InterconvertibleUnitType #$Collection) (#$comment #$InterconvertibleUnitType "A collection of collections. Each element of #$InterconvertibleUnitType is a collections of functions (all belonging to #$UnitOfMeasure) that are used to measure quantities whose units are convertible into one another. Some collections of interconvertible units include #$UnitOfTime, #$UnitOfDistance, #$UnitOfCPUSpeed. For example, #$UnitOfTime includes the functions #$HoursDuration and #$SecondsDuration (among others). Any quantity denoted by applying one of those functions can also be expressed in terms of the other. For example, (#$HoursDuration 1) equals (#$MinutesDuration 60). On the other hand, not all the instances of #$UnitOfMeasure constitute types of interconvertible units. #$UnitOfRate is not an element of #$InterconvertibleUnitType; therefore, it does not necessarily follow that quantities denoted by its elements are interconvertible. For example, #$TimesPerDay and #$MilesPerHour are both elements of #$UnitOfRate; however, quantities denoted using either function are not convertible into one another.") ;;; #$Interior (#$isa #$Interior #$RegionType) (#$genls #$Interior #$PieceOfFreeSpace) (#$comment #$Interior "The collection of spatial regions that are physical areas inside the walls or boundary of some object. The area need not be completely sealed off. See also #$Cavity which, unlike #$Interior, can include walls.") ;;; #$InteriorFn (#$isa #$InteriorFn #$ReifiableFunction) (#$isa #$InteriorFn #$IndividualDenotingFunction) (#$resultIsa #$InteriorFn #$Interior) (#$arg1Isa #$InteriorFn #$TangibleThing) (#$comment #$InteriorFn "The function (InteriorFn OBJ), applied to a #$TangibleThing OBJ, means all the interior space within the #$Cavity or cavites (chambers, passages, pockets, bubbles, etc.) that occur inside of OBJ. The result is an instance of #$Interior. An #$Interior, unlike a #$Cavity, does not include the walls of the chamber or passage, just the interior space itself without any of the the enclosing walls, panels or membranes.") ;;; #$InteriorRegionFn (#$isa #$InteriorRegionFn #$ReifiableFunction) (#$isa #$InteriorRegionFn #$IndividualDenotingFunction) (#$resultIsa #$InteriorRegionFn #$AnimalBodyRegion) (#$arg1Isa #$InteriorRegionFn #$AnimalBodyRegion) (#$comment #$InteriorRegionFn "The function (InteriorRegionFn REGOROBJ), applied to a region or object REGOROBJ, means the sub-region consisting of the core or inner parts or sections of REGOROBJ, or the interior main portion of REGOROBJ. It applies when REGOROBJ itself has an intrinsic inside/outside orientation (unlike, say, a loop of thread), but if REGOROBJ is an enveloping part, surface membrane, ring or layer within or on a larger region or object that has its own inside/outside orientation, the function returns REGOROBJ's inside portion with respect to the inside and outside of the larger region or object.") ;;; #$InternalSensoryAttribute (#$isa #$InternalSensoryAttribute #$UnorderedAttributeType) (#$genls #$InternalSensoryAttribute #$SensoryAttribute) (#$comment #$InternalSensoryAttribute "A collection of attributes. Each element of #$InternalSensoryAttribute is a state of a sentient being in which it experiences within itself some somatic or psycho-somatic feeling, urge, or impulse. An internal sensory attribute differs from an `external' one in that the sensing agent refers the former to itself and the latter to external objects. #$InternalSensoryAttribute includes states of feeling hungry, thirsty, tired, or in pain, as well as various bodily urges such as the urge to sneeze, burp, or urinate. Sensory attributes that may occur with more or less intensity are represented by indicating a #$LevelOfPain, #$LevelOfPhysicalPleasure, #$LevelOfStress, etc.") ;;; #$InternationalOrganization (#$isa #$InternationalOrganization #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$InternationalOrganization #$Organization) (#$comment #$InternationalOrganization "A collection of organizations. An element of #$InternationalOrganization is an organization of international `scope' -- that is, one which has substantial operations, physical facilities, or substantial membership in multiple countries. International organizations may have individual #$Persons, #$Organizations, or countries as members. They may be political or commercial in nature. International organizations with countries as members belong to the subset #$InternationalOrganizationOfCountries. Examples of #$InternationalOrganization: #$UnitedNationsOrganization, #$OPEC, #$IBMInc. See also #$internationalOrg-MemberCountry.") ;;; #$InternationalOrganizationOfCountries (#$isa #$InternationalOrganizationOfCountries #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$InternationalOrganizationOfCountries #$InternationalOrganization) (#$comment #$InternationalOrganizationOfCountries "A collection of organizations; a subset of #$InternationalOrganization. An element of #$InternationalOrganizationOfCountries is an organization whose members are countries (as represented by their goverments). Examples: the United Nations, NATO, SEATO, OAU, the League of Arab States, and OPEC.") ;;; #$IntervalAfterFn (#$isa #$IntervalAfterFn #$ReifiableFunction) (#$isa #$IntervalAfterFn #$IndividualDenotingFunction) (#$resultIsa #$IntervalAfterFn #$TimeInterval) (#$arg1Isa #$IntervalAfterFn #$TemporalThing) (#$arg2Isa #$IntervalAfterFn #$Time-Quantity) (#$comment #$IntervalAfterFn "(#$IntervalAfterFn T-OBJ DUR) denotes the #$TimeInterval which immediately follows T-OBJ, lasting for duration DUR.") ;;; #$IntervalBasedQuantitySlot (#$isa #$IntervalBasedQuantitySlot #$PredicateCategory) (#$genls #$IntervalBasedQuantitySlot #$QuantitySlot) (#$genls #$IntervalBasedQuantitySlot #$FunctionalSlot) (#$comment #$IntervalBasedQuantitySlot "A collection of binary predicates (i.e., slots). Flexibility in the representation of quantities is allowed in assertions made with the binary predicates that are elements of #$IntervalBasedQuantitySlot. Each of these predicates, like those in their superset #$QuantitySlot, is a binary predicate whose second argument must be an element of #$ScalarInterval, i.e., an interval or point representing the value of some measurement. For example, take the predicate #$heightOfObject, which relates an object to its vertical length. Although we suppose that in reality there is only a single distance that is the height of some one particular object, our measurement systems are in practice less precise--and typically we need a measurement only within a certain tolerance. For example, in measuring the #$heightOfObject of a person, usually a measurement to the nearest inch or centimeter will do. Or we may be even less detailed in our descriptions, perhaps caring only whether someone is more than four feet tall, or `Tall enough to ride' on an amusement park ride. By allowing an #$IntervalEntry #$Format (qq.v.) in the second argument of the measuring predicate, we are telling Cyc that it's okay to describe the (e.g.) #$heightOfObject in several different ways, with varying levels of precision, SO LONG AS all of the measurements asserted for the same object `overlap'. For example, it is consistent to say both that Jenny is 4'10'' tall, between four and five feet tall, and that she is `Tall enough to ride' the Dodgems (provided that `Tall enough to ride' is an interval whose minimum is at 4'10'' or lower). Even though there is only one height of a person in reality, using an #$IntervalBasedQuantitySlot allows us to represent that height in many different ways, avoiding contradictions while still checking for consistency. For example, asserting both that Jeff's #$heightOfObject is 5'9'' and in the range 4.5-5.5 feet tall is an inconsistency.") (#$synonymousExternalConcept #$IntervalBasedQuantitySlot #$SENSUS-Information1997 "SCALAR-ATTRIBUTE-ASCRIPTION") ;;; #$IntervalBeforeFn (#$isa #$IntervalBeforeFn #$ReifiableFunction) (#$isa #$IntervalBeforeFn #$IndividualDenotingFunction) (#$resultIsa #$IntervalBeforeFn #$TimeInterval) (#$arg1Isa #$IntervalBeforeFn #$TemporalThing) (#$arg2Isa #$IntervalBeforeFn #$Time-Quantity) (#$comment #$IntervalBeforeFn "(#$IntervalBeforeFn ?X ?D) returns the time interval, of duration ?D, immediately preceding ?X. So the value is a #$TimeInterval, it has #$duration ?D, and (#$contiguousAfter ?X (#$IntervalBeforeFn ?X ?D)).") ;;; #$IntervalEndedByFn (#$isa #$IntervalEndedByFn #$ReifiableFunction) (#$isa #$IntervalEndedByFn #$IndividualDenotingFunction) (#$resultIsa #$IntervalEndedByFn #$TimeInterval) (#$arg1Isa #$IntervalEndedByFn #$TemporalThing) (#$comment #$IntervalEndedByFn "(#$IntervalEndedByFn TEMP-OBJ) denotes the time interval which ends when TEMP-OBJ starts. The beginning of this interval coincides with the beginning of all time (#$Always-TimeInterval), if it has a beginning.") ;;; #$IntervalEntry (#$isa #$IntervalEntry #$Format) (#$comment #$IntervalEntry "Arguments to Cyc predicates may have specified formats that constrain their values. #$IntervalEntry is the format used to constrain argument positions that must be filled with measurable quantities. If #$IntervalEntry is the entry format of some Nth argument to a predicate PRED, then all assertions with PRED that contain the same particular values in their other arguments must have, in the Nth (i.e., #$IntervalEntry) argument, quantitative values that `overlap'. (See #$ScalarInterval.) #$IntervalEntry is provided because, for functional arguments like the second argument to #$volumeOfObject, we know that a single `real' value does exist, though we may have various ways of concluding limits on that value in the form of intervals. As long as all the intervals overlap, those assertions are not contradictory. For more explanation, see #$Format and the related predicates #$arg1Format, #$arg2Format, etc.") ;;; #$IntervalMaxFn (#$isa #$IntervalMaxFn #$NonPredicateFunction) (#$resultIsa #$IntervalMaxFn #$ScalarInterval) (#$arg1Isa #$IntervalMaxFn #$ScalarInterval) (#$comment #$IntervalMaxFn "(#$IntervalMaxFn SCALAR) returns an interval of the same type as SCALAR whose maximum value is the maximum value of SCALAR and whose minimum value is #$MinusInfinity. For example, (#$IntervalMaxFn (#$Mile 3)) is the same as `the interval from negative infinity miles to three miles'. [Technical Note: if that expression were to denote a strictly absolute, as opposed to a relative-or-absolute, distance, then it would mean `the interval from 0 miles to 3 miles'.] (#$IntervalMaxFn (#$Unity 1)) is the same as `the interval from negative infinity to 1', in other words, `no greater than one'.") ;;; #$IntervalMinFn (#$isa #$IntervalMinFn #$NonPredicateFunction) (#$resultIsa #$IntervalMinFn #$ScalarInterval) (#$arg1Isa #$IntervalMinFn #$ScalarInterval) (#$comment #$IntervalMinFn "(#$IntervalMinFn SCALAR) returns an interval of the same type as SCALAR whose minimum value is the minimum value of SCALAR and whose maximum value is #$PlusInfinity. For example, (#$IntervalMinFn (#$Mile 3)) is the same as `the interval from three miles to an infinite number of miles', in other words, `at least three miles'.") ;;; #$IntervalOnNumberLine (#$isa #$IntervalOnNumberLine #$MeasurableAttributeType) (#$isa #$IntervalOnNumberLine #$Collection) (#$genls #$IntervalOnNumberLine #$ScalarInterval) (#$comment #$IntervalOnNumberLine "A collection of measurable intervals; a subset of #$ScalarInterval. Each element of #$IntervalOnNumberLine is an interval on the real number line; for example, the interval described by `numbers greater than zero and less than or equal to 10'. A common special case of such intervals is that of a single point on that line, viz., a number such as five or 125. Note that such an interval need not be contiguous; e.g., `even numbers between Pi and the square root of 1000' describes a legitimate element of #$IntervalOnNumberLine. The collection #$RealNumber is a subset of #$IntervalOnNumberLine. The elements of #$IntervalOnNumberLine are measured by elements of #$DimensionlessUnitOfMeasure, e.g., units or percentages. See also #$Unity, #$Percent, #$UnitOfMeasure.") ;;; #$IntervalStartedByFn (#$isa #$IntervalStartedByFn #$ReifiableFunction) (#$isa #$IntervalStartedByFn #$IndividualDenotingFunction) (#$resultIsa #$IntervalStartedByFn #$TimeInterval) (#$arg1Isa #$IntervalStartedByFn #$TemporalThing) (#$comment #$IntervalStartedByFn "(#$IntervalStartedByFn TEMP-OBJ) denotes the time interval which begins when TEMP-OBJ ends. The end of this interval coincides with the end of all time (#$Always-TimeInterval), if time has an end.") ;;; #$IntrinsicAxisOfObject (#$isa #$IntrinsicAxisOfObject #$ObjectType) (#$genls #$IntrinsicAxisOfObject #$VectorInterval) (#$comment #$IntrinsicAxisOfObject "The collection of all intrinsic axes of objects, being the conventional or obvious axes depending on shape, movement or function of the object. For example, for a chest-of-drawers, the intrinsic axes are top-to-bottom, side-to-side, and front-to-back. See also #$AxisFn. Each intrinsic axis is a direction relative to the object's orientation.") ;;; #$IntrinsicStateChangeEvent (#$isa #$IntrinsicStateChangeEvent #$TemporalObjectType) (#$genls #$IntrinsicStateChangeEvent #$Event) (#$comment #$IntrinsicStateChangeEvent "The collection of #$Events which are characterized primarily by a change in some intrinsic property of one main entity involved in the event (i.e., one of the #$actors). Such intrinsic changes may include changes of a thing's color, temperature, device state, size, and so on. Events where the main change is extrinsic (such as a change in location or ownership) are not #$IntrinsicStateChangeEvents. In events which have more than one actor, the event may be an #$IntrinsicStateChangeEvent for one actor but not for another. For example, in a #$FasteningSafetyBelt event, the #$SafetySeatBelt (the device used) goes from unconnected to connected (to itself), which is an intrinsic change; however, the agent who does the fastening (i.e., who is #$HandlingADevice) does not change intrinsically, but only in its configuration to the belt, an external object. Another example: in a #$HairCuttingEvent, the hair that is barbered undergoes an #$IntrinsicStateChangeEvent due to its role in that kind of event, but the barber undergoes no intrinsic change due to the hair cutting. Note: Some events, such as an ice cube melting into a small puddle of water, could be represented in Cyc either as an #$IntrinsicStateChangeEvent or as a #$TransformationEvent but not (within a single micro-theory) as both; see the comments on those constants.") (#$synonymousExternalConcept #$IntrinsicStateChangeEvent #$SENSUS-Information1997 "CHANGE-STATE") ;;; #$InverseOfIntervalFn (#$isa #$InverseOfIntervalFn #$FunctionFromQuantitiesToQuantities) (#$resultIsa #$InverseOfIntervalFn #$ScalarInterval) (#$arg1Isa #$InverseOfIntervalFn #$ScalarInterval) (#$comment #$InverseOfIntervalFn "#$InverseOfIntervalFn is the unary mathematical function that returns the inverse of the number taken as its argument. For example, (#$InverseOfIntervalFn 7) returns 1/7.") ;;; #$Invertebrate (#$isa #$Invertebrate #$OrganismClassificationType) (#$genls #$Invertebrate #$Animal) (#$genls #$Invertebrate #$NonPersonAnimal) (#$comment #$Invertebrate "A collection of animals; every element of #$Invertebrate is an animal that has no backbone. #$Invertebrate includes insects, molluscs, sea squirts, worms (in a large variety of worm phyla), and many others. Note: Although #$Invertebrate is a scientific category, it is not a standard taxon in the biological taxonomy, hence it is not an instance of #$BiologicalTaxon.") (#$synonymousExternalConcept #$Invertebrate #$SENSUS-Information1997 "INVERTEBRATE") ;;; #$InvoluntaryBodyMovement (#$isa #$InvoluntaryBodyMovement #$TemporalStuffType) (#$isa #$InvoluntaryBodyMovement #$DefaultDisjointScriptType) (#$genls #$InvoluntaryBodyMovement #$BodilyFunctionEvent-Involuntary) (#$genls #$InvoluntaryBodyMovement #$BodyMovementEvent) (#$comment #$InvoluntaryBodyMovement "The collection of involuntary bodily movements, those movements in which an #$Animal's body does the action automatically -- the agent's consent doesn't enter into it. Subsets of #$InvoluntaryBodyMovement include #$Heartbeating, #$Sneezing, #$Snoring, etc.") ;;; #$IrreflexiveBinaryPredicate (#$isa #$IrreflexiveBinaryPredicate #$Collection) (#$isa #$IrreflexiveBinaryPredicate #$PredicateCategory) (#$genls #$IrreflexiveBinaryPredicate #$BinaryPredicate) (#$comment #$IrreflexiveBinaryPredicate "A collection of predicates; the subset of #$BinaryPredicate whose elements represent antireflexive relations. A predicate F is an element of #$IrreflexiveBinaryPredicate if and only if F is a binary predicate and, for every X in the domain of F, (#$not (F X X)). Examples: #$spouse, #$causes, #$northOf, #$temporallyDisjoint. Note this additional restriction: A Cyc predicate F can be an element of #$IrreflexiveBinaryPredicate only if the type (i.e., arg-Isa) constraint applicable to F's first argument is not disjoint with the type constraint applicable to F's second argument. See also #$NoteOnArgumentTypingAndPropertiesOfRelations.") ;;; #$IsaVsMainConstituentVsConstituents (#$isa #$IsaVsMainConstituentVsConstituents #$SharedNote) (#$comment #$IsaVsMainConstituentVsConstituents "When to use #$isa, #$mainConstituent, or #$constituents. We develop the following example as a basis for explaining the differences. Consider X, where (#$isa X #$Water). If we add some other substance(s) to X, to the point where the mixture acquires some salient characteristic(s) different from #$Water while retaining all the main properties, then we should assert (#$mainConstituent X W), where W is the original water -- i.e., (#$isa W #$Water) -- and X is the whole new mixture of W with some other stuff(s). Suppose we add enough enough other stuff that the physical properties of the mixture become significantly different from those of water; then we should assert only (#$constituents X W). #$isa - Use #$isa if X would commonly be referred to as `water', including cases in which a small number of minor characteristics are different due to some admixture. Examples (arguably, 3 and 4 are borderline cases): 1. An instance of (#$PureFn #$Water) #$isa #$Water. 2. An instance of #$Water-Ingestible #$isa #$Water (but may have trace constituents). 3. An instance of #$PoolWater #$isa #$Water (but has some #$Chlorine as a salient #$constituents). 4. An instance of #$SeaWater #$isa #$Water (but has some #$Salt-NaCl as a salient #$constituents). #$mainConstituent - Use #$mainConstituent when X contains other substances besides water, would NOT commonly referred to as `water', and yet has MOST of the material properties of water. As a rule, most of the properties of the #$mainConstituent transfer to the substance it's a part of. Often such substances have at least one important and/or perceptible characteristic (due to admixture) that is quite different from the properties of water. Examples: 1. An instance of #$Lemonade is NOT called `water' but has water as a #$mainConstituent. It tastes quite different from water. It has nutritional (caloric) value. It is a human-made beverage. 2. An instance of #$Coffee-Beverage is NOT called `water' but has water as a #$mainConstituent. It tastes quite different from water. It contains caffeine. Also, a specific inference about coffee's (lack of) transparency should override the transparency which would otherwise be inferred from the material properties of its #$mainConstituent. 3. Aqueous hydrochloric acid has many of the properties of its main constituent, water -- for example, transparency, viscosity, density, freezing point, etc. But it also has the very important difference that it is highly acidic, caustic, etc. -- and attributing to it water's potability would be disastrous. #$constituents - Use #$constituents when X is NOT commonly referred to as `water' and has FEW properties of water, even though X contains water. Examples: 1. An instance of (#$SolidFn #$Gelatin) is NOT called `water', and though it has water among its #$constituents, gelatin has very few of the properties of water. 2. An instance of #$Concrete is NOT called `water'; though it has water among its #$constituents, it has none of the salient characteristics of water. 3. An instance of #$Mud is NOT called `water' and has few characteristics of water, though water is among its #$constituents. Its #$mainConstituent is some portion of #$Soil.") ;;; #$Island (#$isa #$Island #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$Island #$LandBody) (#$genls #$Island #$IslandsAndIslandGroup) (#$comment #$Island "The collection of all islands, each being a #$LandBody (smaller than a #$Continent) surrounded by water.") ;;; #$IslandArea (#$isa #$IslandArea #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$IslandArea #$IslandsAndIslandGroup) ;;; #$IslandsAndIslandGroup (#$isa #$IslandsAndIslandGroup #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$IslandsAndIslandGroup #$LandTopographicalFeature) (#$comment #$IslandsAndIslandGroup "A collection of topographical features. Each element of #$IslandsAndIslandGroup is either an island or a group of islands (see #$Archipelago). Elements of #$IslandsAndIslandGroup include groups of scattered islands which do not form a natural geographical area; the chief reasons for representing such groups is that they are geopolitical areas and/or were historically significant. Examples: #$FrenchPolynesia, #$Cyclades, #$OuterHebrides-Archipelago, #$Grenadines-Islands.") ;;; #$ItineraryDocument (#$isa #$ItineraryDocument #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$ItineraryDocument #$TextualMaterial) (#$comment #$ItineraryDocument "The collection of documents that contain information about the time/location of each leg of a trip, accomodations, etc.") ;;; #$January (#$isa #$January #$MonthOfYearType) (#$genls #$January #$CalendarMonth) ;;; #$Jealousy (#$isa #$Jealousy #$FeelingAttributeType) (#$genls #$Jealousy #$Resentment) (#$comment #$Jealousy "Intolerance of rivalry; feeling of suspicion and resentment of one's rivals. This is a collection; for an explanation of a typical #$FeelingAttributeType, see #$Happiness. Note: #$Envy is related to covetousness, wanting (perhaps in the future) what someone else has; #$Jealousy is related to possessiveness, wanting to keep what is (or was or could have been) already yours.") ;;; #$JobAttribute (#$isa #$JobAttribute #$UnorderedAttributeType) (#$genls #$JobAttribute #$AttributeValue) (#$comment #$JobAttribute "A collection of attributes. Each element of #$JobAttribute describes a general property of a job or type of job. Examples of #$JobAttribute include #$BlueCollar, #$WhiteCollar, and #$FlexibleWorkingHours.") ;;; #$JobCapacity (#$isa #$JobCapacity #$CapacityAttribute) (#$comment #$JobCapacity "the attribute of performing something as a job") ;;; #$Joint-AnimalBodyPart (#$isa #$Joint-AnimalBodyPart #$AnimalBodyPartType) (#$genls #$Joint-AnimalBodyPart #$SolidTangibleThing) (#$genls #$Joint-AnimalBodyPart #$Configuration) (#$genls #$Joint-AnimalBodyPart #$AnimalBodyPart) (#$comment #$Joint-AnimalBodyPart "The collection of all joints of #$Animals. A joint is the juncture between the ends or edges of abutting bones of the animal's skeleton. Joints are of several types mechanically (e.g., ball-and-socket). Many major joints function as hinges, in which the ends of the abutting bones are joined with ligaments and cushioned by cartilege.") ;;; #$JointTypeBetweenFn (#$isa #$JointTypeBetweenFn #$CollectionDenotingFunction) (#$resultIsa #$JointTypeBetweenFn #$ExistingObjectType) (#$resultGenl #$JointTypeBetweenFn #$Configuration) (#$arg1Isa #$JointTypeBetweenFn #$ExistingObjectType) (#$arg1Genl #$JointTypeBetweenFn #$PartiallyTangible) (#$arg2Isa #$JointTypeBetweenFn #$ExistingObjectType) (#$arg2Genl #$JointTypeBetweenFn #$PartiallyTangible) (#$comment #$JointTypeBetweenFn "(#$JointTypeBetweenFn OBJ-TYPE1 OBJ-TYPE2) denotes the class of #$Connections found between objects of type OBJ-TYPE1 and OBJ-TYPE2. For example, (#$JointTypeBetweenFn #$TelephoneBody #$TelephoneReceiver) is the class of #$Connections between telephone handsets and bodies of telephones. (#$JointTypeBetweenFn #$Humerus #$Radius-Bone) would be the class of elbows, but we chose to reify that class (#$ElbowJoint). #$JointTypeBetweenFn is most useful when one needs to refer to a type of connection without creating it and naming it specifically.") ;;; #$July (#$isa #$July #$MonthOfYearType) (#$genls #$July #$CalendarMonth) ;;; #$JunctionOfPaths (#$isa #$JunctionOfPaths #$SituationType) (#$genls #$JunctionOfPaths #$PartiallyTangible) (#$genls #$JunctionOfPaths #$StaticSituation) (#$genls #$JunctionOfPaths (#$GroupFn #$SpatialThing)) (#$comment #$JunctionOfPaths "The collection of junctions of paths, each being an arrangement of two or more links of #$Path-Generics such that the parts are in a particular spatial relation to each other (they are all locally connected to each other and join at the place of the #$JunctionOfPaths). It includes the case of two or more paths that 'cross' at a junction, but not the case in which the end of one path simply joins the end of another path. For junctions in #$PathSystems, see #$junctionInSystem.") ;;; #$JunctionOfPipes (#$isa #$JunctionOfPipes #$RegionType) (#$genls #$JunctionOfPipes #$JunctionOfPaths) (#$comment #$JunctionOfPipes "The collection of all junctions of pipes or tubes. Each junction permits flow between any two #$Pipe-GenericConduits joined at that junction. At any #$JunctionOfPipes, three or more #$Pipe-GenericConduit segments must be joined, although some joined pipes may loop back to the same junction.") ;;; #$June (#$isa #$June #$MonthOfYearType) (#$genls #$June #$CalendarMonth) ;;; #$JuvenileAnimal (#$isa #$JuvenileAnimal #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$JuvenileAnimal #$BiologicalStageOfDevelopment) (#$genls #$JuvenileAnimal #$PortableObject) (#$genls #$JuvenileAnimal #$Animal) (#$comment #$JuvenileAnimal "An element of #$LifeStageType. #$JuvenileAnimal is the collection of all animals that are not fully grown nor fully mature.") ;;; #$JuvenileFn (#$isa #$JuvenileFn #$CollectionDenotingFunction) (#$resultIsa #$JuvenileFn #$ExistingObjectType) (#$resultGenl #$JuvenileFn #$JuvenileAnimal) (#$arg1Isa #$JuvenileFn #$OrganismClassificationType) (#$arg1Genl #$JuvenileFn #$Animal) (#$comment #$JuvenileFn "#$JuvenileFn is a Cyc function, and in particular a #$CollectionDenotingFunction. (#$JuvenileFn ORGCLASSTYPE) represents that subset of #$JuvenileAnimal whose elements are the juveniles of the group of animals denoted by ORGCLASSTYPE. E.g., (#$JuvenileFn #$Deer) denotes the collection of all fawns. Certain kinds of organisms have no juveniles (e.g., the members of #$Amoeba).") ;;; #$Killing-Biological (#$isa #$Killing-Biological #$TemporalObjectType) (#$isa #$Killing-Biological #$DefaultDisjointScriptType) (#$genls #$Killing-Biological #$DestructionEvent) (#$genls #$Killing-Biological #$AnimalActivity) (#$comment #$Killing-Biological "A collection of events. In each instance of this collection, one living organism ends the life of another, either intentionally or unintentionally.") ;;; #$Kilogram (#$isa #$Kilogram #$UnitOfMass) (#$isa #$Kilogram #$StandardUnitOfMeasure) (#$isa #$Kilogram #$MKSUnitOfMeasure) (#$isa #$Kilogram #$UnitOfMeasureWithPrefix) (#$resultIsa #$Kilogram #$Mass) (#$resultIsa #$Kilogram #$ScalarInterval) (#$argsIsa #$Kilogram #$CycSystemRealNumber) (#$comment #$Kilogram "The measurement function used in Cyc to represent the basic unit of mass in the Metric system (and in Cyc). See also #$MKSUnitOfMeasure, #$UnitOfMeasure.") ;;; #$Kilometer (#$isa #$Kilometer #$UnitOfDistance) (#$isa #$Kilometer #$UnitOfMeasureWithPrefix) (#$isa #$Kilometer #$MKSUnitOfMeasure) (#$resultIsa #$Kilometer #$Distance) (#$resultIsa #$Kilometer #$ScalarInterval) (#$argsIsa #$Kilometer #$CycSystemRealNumber) (#$comment #$Kilometer "The measurement function used in Cyc to represent the 1000-meter unit used within the Metric system to measure distance. Modern countries using the metric system measure their roads - and their road races - in kilometers. See also #$MKSUnitOfMeasure, #$UnitOfMeasure.") ;;; #$KilometersPerHour (#$isa #$KilometersPerHour #$UnitOfSpeed) (#$isa #$KilometersPerHour #$MKSUnitOfMeasure) (#$resultIsa #$KilometersPerHour #$ScalarInterval) (#$resultIsa #$KilometersPerHour #$Speed) (#$resultIsa #$KilometersPerHour #$VectorInterval) (#$argsIsa #$KilometersPerHour #$CycSystemRealNumber) (#$comment #$KilometersPerHour "(#$KilometersPerHour NUMBER) returns a dimensionless rate or speed of NUMBER kilometers per hour.") ;;; #$KineticEnergyPoweredDevice (#$isa #$KineticEnergyPoweredDevice #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$KineticEnergyPoweredDevice #$PoweredDevice) (#$comment #$KineticEnergyPoweredDevice "A collection of devices; a subset of #$PoweredDevice. An instance of #$KineticEnergyPoweredDevice does not have an `on-board' energy source incorporated into it, at least not one supplying the bulk of the power requirements of the device. Instead, its operating power is supplied by the kinetic energy from something else in motion -- such as animal muscle power (including human labor), wind energy, or hydraulic power. Examples include elements of the collections #$Hammer and #$Piano-Acoustic. (Contrast with #$SelfPoweredDevice --- e.g., an electric organ is a #$SelfPoweredDevice, not a #$KineticEnergyPoweredDevice.)") ;;; #$KnowledgeBase (#$isa #$KnowledgeBase #$ObjectType) (#$genls #$KnowledgeBase #$Database-AbstractContent) (#$genls #$KnowledgeBase #$ConventionalClassificationSystem) (#$comment #$KnowledgeBase "A collection of intangible individuals; a subset of #$Database-AbstractContent. Each element of #$KnowledgeBase is a database that attempts to represent the structure of at least part of the world. Instances include #$Cyc and #$SENSUS-Information1997.") ;;; #$Lake (#$isa #$Lake #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$Lake #$BodyOfWater) (#$comment #$Lake "A collection of topographical features. Each instance of #$Lake is a land-locked body of water, typically but not necessarily of freshwater. Examples: #$LakeMaracaibo, #$LakeWinnipeg, #$LakeTanganyika, #$LochNess-Lake, #$LakeErie, #$LakeTahoe. Note that inland saltwater lakes, commonly referred to as `seas', belong to the collection #$InlandSea (rather than to #$Lake); e.g., #$CaspianSea, #$BlackSea, #$DeadSea.") ;;; #$LandBody (#$isa #$LandBody #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$LandBody #$TopographicalFeature) (#$comment #$LandBody "A collection of geographical regions. Each element of #$LandBody is a cohesive chunk of land whose extent is principally defined by one or more bordering bodies of water (liquid or frozen). Types of #$LandBody include the subsets #$Island and #$Continent. Examples: #$Australia, #$ContinentOfNorthAmerica, #$Trinidad-Island, #$Crete-Island-Greece. Areas of land defined by human occupation or political boundaries, e.g., #$NorthernCalifornia or #$NorthernIreland, are elements of #$GeographicalRegion, but not of #$LandBody.") ;;; #$LandTopographicalFeature (#$isa #$LandTopographicalFeature #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$LandTopographicalFeature #$EarthStuff) (#$genls #$LandTopographicalFeature #$SolidTangibleThing) (#$genls #$LandTopographicalFeature #$TopographicalFeature) (#$genls #$LandTopographicalFeature #$OutdoorLocation) (#$comment #$LandTopographicalFeature "A collection of geographical regions. Each element of #$TopographicalFeature is a region of land distinguishable from surrounding regions by salient physical differences in surface texture, three-dimensional shape, or elevation. For example, the #$ArabianPeninsula, #$ZionHill, the #$SanAndreasFault, the #$GreatSmokyMountains.") ;;; #$LandTransportationDevice (#$isa #$LandTransportationDevice #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$LandTransportationDevice #$TransportationDevice) (#$comment #$LandTransportationDevice "A collection of physical devices. An instance of #$LandTransportationDevice is a device used for transportation on land. Subsets of #$LandTransportationDevice include the collections #$Automobile, #$Snowmobile, #$TrainCar, #$HorseCarriage, #$BabyCarriage, #$Bicycle, #$SkateBoard, and more.") ;;; #$Language (#$isa #$Language #$ObjectType) (#$genls #$Language #$CommunicationConvention) (#$genls #$Language (#$MeaningInSystemFn #$SENSUS-Information1997 "LANGUAGE-RELATED-OBJECT")) (#$genls #$Language (#$MeaningInSystemFn #$SENSUS-Information1997 "LANGUAGE")) (#$comment #$Language "The collection of systems which use conventionalized signs or symbols. This includes dead languages, computer languages, unspoken languages, codes - anything which relates symbols to meaning.") ;;; #$LateralRegionFn (#$isa #$LateralRegionFn #$ReifiableFunction) (#$isa #$LateralRegionFn #$IndividualDenotingFunction) (#$resultIsa #$LateralRegionFn #$AnimalBodyRegion) (#$arg1Isa #$LateralRegionFn #$AnimalBodyRegion) (#$comment #$LateralRegionFn "The function (LateralRegionFn REGOROBJ), applied to a region or object REGOROBJ, means the sub-region consisting of the flanks or side parts or lateral main sections (away from the mid-line) of REGOROBJ, or the lateral main areas of REGOROBJ as opposed to the medial or middle area; the right and left regions then both include parts of the lateral regions. #$LateralRegionFn applies when REGOROBJ itself has an intrinsic right/left orientation (unlike, say, a sphere), but if REGOROBJ is a part within a larger region or object that has its own right/left orientation, the function returns REGOROBJ's portions farthest from the mid-line (with respect to left and right) of the larger region or object.") ;;; #$LawEnforcementOfficer (#$isa #$LawEnforcementOfficer #$OccupationType) (#$genls #$LawEnforcementOfficer #$PublicSectorEmployee) (#$genls #$LawEnforcementOfficer #$Professional) (#$comment #$LawEnforcementOfficer "A collection of persons; a subset of #$Professional. Each element of #$LawEnforcementOfficer is a person whose job is to prevent, detect, stop, and/or punish people committing illegal activities. The collection #$LawEnforcementOfficer includes local, state, and special police (e.g., transit police), and federal agents (e.g., border patrol, national security agents). An instance of #$LawEnforcementOfficer typically also belongs to one of the following collections: #$StateEmployee, #$LocalGovernmentEmployee, or #$NationalGovernmentEmployee (see #$PublicSectorEmployee).") ;;; #$LawEnforcementOrganization (#$isa #$LawEnforcementOrganization #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$LawEnforcementOrganization #$LegalGovernmentOrganization) (#$comment #$LawEnforcementOrganization "The collection of all law enforcement organizations. An element of #$LawEnforcementOrganization is any organization which is legally empowered to enforce laws. This collection includes police forces, national bureaux of investigation, some forest services, park police, hunting and game commission officers, #$BorderPoliceOrganizations, governmental executive protection services, military police, etc.") ;;; #$Layer (#$isa #$Layer #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$Layer #$SheetOfSomeStuff) (#$comment #$Layer "The collection of all layers of things, each layer being a #$SheetOfSomeStuff that is #$sheetSurfaceConnected, or situated adjacent, surface-to-surface, to at least one surface or layer or region on one side, and possibly to other layers or surfaces on both sides. A layer may be part of a larger object, or it may be an independent whole object such as a hide confined in a stack of hides. A #$Layer is not a #$FreeSheet. See the #$OneSidedVsTwoSidedObjectNote.") ;;; #$Layered (#$isa #$Layered #$PhysicalStructuralAttribute) (#$comment #$Layered "The physical structural attribute of being layered, laminate, or made of #$Layers, like stratified rock or an onion. An object that is #$Layered has two or more parts that are each #$Layers.") ;;; #$Leader (#$isa #$Leader #$PositionType) (#$genls #$Leader #$Person) (#$genls #$Leader #$IntelligentAgent) (#$comment #$Leader "A collection of persons. Each element of #$Leader is a person who heads an instance of #$Organization. Typically, a leader of an organization makes major decisions on behalf of the whole organization, has the authority to direct the organization's personnel to carry out those decisions, and is empowered to engage or negotiate with external agents to achieve the organization's goals. This collection includes leaders of #$subOrganizations, such as department heads within larger organizations. Also, a single person may be a leader in more than one organization. In addition, see #$hasLeaders, #$Manager, and #$seniorExecutives.") ;;; #$LeapYear (#$isa #$LeapYear #$TemporalObjectType) (#$genls #$LeapYear #$CalendarYear) (#$comment #$LeapYear "The collection of #$CalendarYears which are leap years; i.e., calendar years in which February has 29 days") ;;; #$Learning (#$isa #$Learning #$ScriptType) (#$isa #$Learning #$TemporalObjectType) (#$genls #$Learning #$PurposefulAction) (#$genls #$Learning #$CompositePhysicalAndMentalEvent) (#$comment #$Learning "The collection of all events, brief or extended, in which an agent is consciously acquiring information or know-how.") ;;; #$Leather (#$isa #$Leather #$ExistingStuffType) (#$isa #$Leather #$ProductType) (#$genls #$Leather #$SolidTangibleThing) (#$genls #$Leather #$FreeSheet) (#$genls #$Leather #$SheetOfSomeStuff) (#$comment #$Leather "A collection of tangible things. Each element of #$Leather is a piece of tanned animal hide. Pieces of #$Leather are commonly used as material inputs to the manufacture of shoes, gloves, upholstery, satchels and purses, saddles, etc.") ;;; #$LeftObject (#$isa #$LeftObject #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$LeftObject #$PartiallyTangible) (#$comment #$LeftObject "The collection of objects that are meant for, or are found on and distinctively structured for, the left side of some larger entity or ensemble of parts. Examples include left hands, left shoes, left automobile turning signals.") ;;; #$LeftRegionFn (#$isa #$LeftRegionFn #$ReifiableFunction) (#$isa #$LeftRegionFn #$IndividualDenotingFunction) (#$resultIsa #$LeftRegionFn #$AnimalBodyRegion) (#$arg1Isa #$LeftRegionFn #$AnimalBodyRegion) (#$comment #$LeftRegionFn "The function (LeftRegionFn REGOROBJ), applied to a region or object REGOROBJ, means the region consisting of the left half or flank or left main portion of REGOROBJ. It applies only when REGOROBJ itself has an intrinsic left/right orientation, or is part of a larger region or object that has a left/right orientation.") ;;; #$Leg (#$isa #$Leg #$SymmetricAnatomicalPartType) (#$genls #$Leg #$Appendage-AnimalBodyPart) (#$comment #$Leg "The collection of all #$Animal appendages used for locomotion overland, supporting the animal and moving it along by walking, running, etc. Thus wings, fins, etc., are not #$Legs. The #$Foot-AnimalBodyPart is considered part of the #$Leg") ;;; #$LegalAgent (#$isa #$LegalAgent #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$LegalAgent #$SocialBeing) (#$comment #$LegalAgent "The collection of all legal agents; a subset of #$Agent. A legal agent is one that has some legal status in a particular legal system. At the very least, such an agent is recognized by some legal authority as having some kinds of rights and/or responsibilities as an agent (e.g., #$citizens of Germany), or as being subject to certain restrictions and penalties (e.g., a company that has been blacklisted by Iraq). Thus, instances of #$LegalAgent include agents that may have property rights, may be taxed, may have a government identification number, may be sued, may have an address, etc. Note: membership in this collection is very much dependent upon context. In some societies, only adult males and various kinds of state-run organizations would be included in #$LegalAgents.") ;;; #$LegalAgreement (#$isa #$LegalAgreement #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$LegalAgreement #$Agreement) (#$comment #$LegalAgreement "A collection of microtheories; a subset of #$Agreement. Each element of #$LegalAgreement is an agreement which has a legal status, i.e., is recognized as a valid agreement by a government. #$LegalAgreement includes the elements in its subsets #$SalesContract, #$PublicHealthRegulations, #$AssumableLoan, #$Patent, #$InsurancePlan, #$Visa-Permit, and the different kinds of #$License -- among many others.") ;;; #$LegalCode (#$isa #$LegalCode #$ExistingObjectType) (#$isa #$LegalCode #$MicrotheoryType) (#$genls #$LegalCode #$GovernmentCOC) (#$comment #$LegalCode "A collection of microtheories. Each element of #$LegalCode is a microtheory for collecting all the instances of #$Law which hold in a given #$GeopoliticalEntity. For example, #$LegalCode-ModernUnitedStates.") ;;; #$LegalCorporation (#$isa #$LegalCorporation #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$LegalCorporation #$Organization) (#$genls #$LegalCorporation #$LegalAgent) (#$comment #$LegalCorporation "A collection of businesses. An element of #$LegalCorporation is a private, legal, corporate entity with the legal rights to own property, manage itself, and sue or be sued. It is established by a charter or registration granted by a government. A corporation's owners have #$Stock in it and normally elect its #$BoardOfDirectors, but are usually not active in its operation nor liable for its debts, crimes, or torts.") ;;; #$LegalGovernmentOrganization (#$isa #$LegalGovernmentOrganization #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$LegalGovernmentOrganization #$LegalAgent) (#$genls #$LegalGovernmentOrganization #$Organization) (#$comment #$LegalGovernmentOrganization "A collection of organizations. An element of #$LegalGovernmentOrganization is an organization which is a part of, and funded by, the government of a geopolitical entity. Examples include the #$InternalRevenueService, #$UnitedStatesNavy, and #$CityCouncilOfAustin (TX). Some elements of #$LegalGovernmentOrganizations have legal standing in courts.") ;;; #$LegalHoliday (#$isa #$LegalHoliday #$ScriptType) (#$isa #$LegalHoliday #$TemporalObjectType) (#$genls #$LegalHoliday #$Holiday) (#$comment #$LegalHoliday "The subset of #$Holidays which are typically declared to be #$Holidays by the governments of western countries, and which are therefore days on which most people governed by that government do not work and on which students do not attend classes. Such #$Holidays may coincide with #$ReligiousHolidays, especially where there is a government-sanctioned religion.") ;;; #$LegalProfessional (#$isa #$LegalProfessional #$OccupationType) (#$genls #$LegalProfessional #$Professional) (#$comment #$LegalProfessional "A collection of persons; a subset of #$Professional. Each element of #$LegalProfessional is a person working in the field of law. This collection includes lawyers, judges, paralegals, and law clerks.") ;;; #$LevelOfAConstruction (#$isa #$LevelOfAConstruction #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$LevelOfAConstruction #$SpaceInAHOC) (#$comment #$LevelOfAConstruction "The levels, also called floors or storeys, of a #$ConstructionArtifact. Levels are regions in space; they are not two-dimensional planes.") ;;; #$LevelOfDiscomfort (#$isa #$LevelOfDiscomfort #$SensoryReactionType) (#$genls #$LevelOfDiscomfort #$AnimalPhysiologicalAttribute) (#$genls #$LevelOfDiscomfort #$InternalSensoryAttribute) (#$comment #$LevelOfDiscomfort "An #$AttributeType whose elements represent the various levels of discomfort that may be felt by a perceptual agent. Typically, the agent must be a living entity. Typically, the sensation is an internal feeling, and is more of a long-lasting dull ache than a sharp pain (see: #$LevelOfPain).") ;;; #$LevelOfExhaustion (#$isa #$LevelOfExhaustion #$PhysicalUrgeType) (#$genls #$LevelOfExhaustion #$InternalSensoryAttribute) (#$genls #$LevelOfExhaustion #$AnimalPhysiologicalAttribute) (#$comment #$LevelOfExhaustion "An #$AttributeType whose elements represent the qualitative degrees of exhaustion that an animal may feel. Note that this predicate is NOT properly used for any other purpose (e.g., to describe metal fatigue, or the depletion of natural resources, or the gradual inhibition that a single cell devlops to repeated stimuli, etc., even though in English the words `exhaustion' and `fatigue' have those meanings.) This is a good example of how Cyc's internal representation must, and does, disambiguate different concepts even though they might be metaphors for each other, and even though those distinct meanings might be mixed together at a word level in a natural language like English.") ;;; #$LevelOfHunger (#$isa #$LevelOfHunger #$PhysicalUrgeType) (#$genls #$LevelOfHunger #$InternalSensoryAttribute) (#$genls #$LevelOfHunger #$AnimalPhysiologicalAttribute) (#$genls #$LevelOfHunger #$ScalarInterval) (#$comment #$LevelOfHunger "A collection of #$AnimalPhysiologicalAttributes that express how hungry an #$Animal is (e.g., #$Hungry, #$NotHungry, #$Starving). These #$LevelOfHunger attributes are the first argument to the predicate #$hungerLevelOf (q.v.).") ;;; #$LevelOfPain (#$isa #$LevelOfPain #$SensoryReactionType) (#$genls #$LevelOfPain #$LevelOfDiscomfort) (#$comment #$LevelOfPain "An #$AttributeType whose elements represent the qualitative levels of pain that may be felt by a perceptual agent. Although the agent is often a living entity, this is not required. The source of the pain could be either external or internal; in either case, the subjective feeling is generally `sharper' and hopefully shorter-lived than just `a feeling of discomfort' (see: #$LevelOfDiscomfort.)") ;;; #$LevelOfRelaxationFeeling (#$isa #$LevelOfRelaxationFeeling #$SensoryReactionType) (#$genls #$LevelOfRelaxationFeeling #$InternalSensoryAttribute) (#$comment #$LevelOfRelaxationFeeling "An #$AttributeType whose elements represent the qualitative levels of comfort/relaxation/ease that an animal may have. This feeling is generally internal, and relatively long-lasting (compared with, e.g., the duration of a painful twinge.) Any positive degree of this #$LevelOfRelaxationFeeling is incompatible with a high level of #$MuscleTenseness, a high #$LevelOfPain, or a high #$LevelOfDiscomfort.") ;;; #$LexicalItem (#$isa #$LexicalItem #$LinguisticObjectType) (#$genls #$LexicalItem #$LinguisticObject) (#$comment #$LexicalItem "The collection of items which form the lexicon of a language. These include both free morphemes, like 'dog', and bound morphemes, like affixes.") ;;; #$LexicalWord (#$isa #$LexicalWord #$LinguisticObjectType) (#$genls #$LexicalWord #$LexicalItem) (#$genls #$LexicalWord #$LinguisticObject) (#$comment #$LexicalWord "The collection of all words. A lexical word is a free morpheme; it need not be bound to another lexical item. Note that inflectional forms of a word, if there are such, do not constitute distinct words. Examples of #$LexicalWord: #$Aluminum-TheWord, #$Confetti-TheWord, #$To-TheWord, #$Confetti-TheWord, #$Hang-Glide-MWW.") (#$synonymousExternalConcept #$LexicalWord #$SENSUS-Information1997 "WORD") ;;; #$LifeThreateningCondition (#$isa #$LifeThreateningCondition #$PhysiologicalConditionType) (#$genls #$LifeThreateningCondition #$PhysiologicalCondition) (#$comment #$LifeThreateningCondition "A collection of ailments which are distinguished by the shared characteristic that if left untreated, those ailments may cause an organism to die (but will not certainly do so). Cases of #$Poisoning and of #$Pneumonia are often instances of #$LifeThreateningCondition. Cf. #$TerminalPhysiologicalCondition. ") ;;; #$LightIntensity (#$isa #$LightIntensity #$PrimitiveAttributeType) (#$genls #$LightIntensity #$PhysicalAttribute) (#$genls #$LightIntensity #$SensoryAttribute) (#$genls #$LightIntensity #$ScalarInterval) (#$comment #$LightIntensity "A collection of attributes; a subset of #$ScalarInterval. Each element of #$LightIntensity is a characterization of how brightly illuminated a location is. (At the low extreme is total darkness.) The light intensity of a location is indicated with the predicate #$illuminationLevel.") ;;; #$LightingDevice (#$isa #$LightingDevice #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$LightingDevice #$PoweredDevice) (#$genls #$LightingDevice #$PhysicalDevice) (#$comment #$LightingDevice "A collection of physical devices. An instance of #$LightingDevice has the #$primaryFunction of providing light. The light provided may be provided in different ways and for different specialized purposes. For example, it may be for general illumination of a fixed area (as by instances of #$Candle, #$Lantern, #$ElectricLamp, and #$Streetlight); or it may be for specially directed illumination (as by instances of #$AutomotiveLight and #$Flashlight); or it may be for use in a signal or sign (as by instances of #$TrafficLight and #$IndicatorLight); or it may be for some other special purposes (as by instances of StrobeLight).") ;;; #$LightningEvent (#$isa #$LightningEvent #$TemporalObjectType) (#$isa #$LightningEvent #$DefaultDisjointScriptType) (#$genls #$LightningEvent #$ImmediateWeatherProcess) (#$comment #$LightningEvent "The collection of lightning flashes, events in which the atmosphere discharges electricity.") ;;; #$Line (#$isa #$Line #$ObjectType) (#$genls #$Line #$GeometricThing) (#$comment #$Line "A collection of geometical things. Each instance of #$Line is a one-dimensional path through two- or three-dimensional space, whether curved or straight. Formally, this is a 1-manifold.") ;;; #$LinguisticObject (#$isa #$LinguisticObject #$LinguisticObjectType) (#$genls #$LinguisticObject (#$MeaningInSystemFn #$SENSUS-Information1997 "LANGUAGE-RELATED-OBJECT")) (#$genls #$LinguisticObject #$MentalObject) (#$genls #$LinguisticObject #$AbstractInformation) (#$comment #$LinguisticObject "The collection of intangible objects which are parts of language systems. Subsets of #$LinguisticObject include #$LinguisticObject, #$Title, #$WordSense, #$SententialConstituent, #$NonlexicalLinguisticObject, #$LinguisticAttribute, etc.)") ;;; #$LinguisticObjectType (#$isa #$LinguisticObjectType #$Collection) (#$genls #$LinguisticObjectType #$ObjectType) (#$comment #$LinguisticObjectType "#$LinguisticObjectType is the collection of things which are subsets of #$LinguisticObject.") ;;; #$LinkFn (#$isa #$LinkFn #$NonPredicateFunction) (#$resultIsa #$LinkFn #$SetOrCollection) (#$arg1Isa #$LinkFn #$Thing) (#$comment #$LinkFn "For each #$PathSystem SYS, (#$LinkFn SYS) denotes the set of all links in SYS (see #$PathSystem). Note that the function #$LinkFn and the predicate #$linkInSystem are interdefinable. We normally use #$LinkFn, for convenience, when we consider some relations between different path systems even though for a single path system SYS, we can also replace each (#$linkInSystem X SYS) by (#$elementOf X (#$LinkFn SYS)).") ;;; #$LiquidAsset (#$isa #$LiquidAsset #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$LiquidAsset #$SomethingExisting) (#$comment #$LiquidAsset "A collection of objects. Each element of #$LiquidAsset is either an instance of #$Currency or some asset that is readily convertible to currency by selling or borrowing againstit. Examples: stocks, bonds, money market accounts.") ;;; #$LiquidFn (#$isa #$LiquidFn #$CollectionDenotingFunction) (#$resultIsa #$LiquidFn #$TangibleStuffStateType) (#$resultGenl #$LiquidFn #$LiquidTangibleThing) (#$arg1Isa #$LiquidFn #$TangibleStuffCompositionType) (#$comment #$LiquidFn "A #$CollectionDenotingFunction. #$LiquidFn takes as an argument a collection COL, membership in which is based only on physical and/or chemical composition and not on any other property (see #$TangibleStuffCompositionType). (#$LiquidFn COL) is the collection of elements of COL that are in the #$LiquidStateOfMatter. E.g., the mud in my driveway belongs to the collection (#$LiquidFn #$EarthStuff).") ;;; #$LiquidStateOfMatter (#$isa #$LiquidStateOfMatter #$StateOfMatter-SolidLiquidGaseous) (#$comment #$LiquidStateOfMatter "A basic physical state of matter. Liquid objects are characterized at the macroscopic level by special qualities of flow, such as being #$Pourable and conforming to the bottom of whatever container they occupy. Examples of things that typically have this attribute are: a `piece' of the Pacific Ocean in the tropics; a lump of mercury at room temperature; the blood in the circulatory system of a living mammal; and some molten silver about to be poured into a teapot mold.") ;;; #$LiquidTangibleThing (#$isa #$LiquidTangibleThing #$TangibleStuffStateType) (#$genls #$LiquidTangibleThing #$FluidTangibleThing) (#$comment #$LiquidTangibleThing "A collection of tangible stuff. Each element of #$LiquidTangibleThing is a tangible thing which is in a #$LiquidStateOfMatter; i.e., its shape would conform to the bottom of a vessel containing it. Cf. #$FluidTangibleThing and #$GaseousTangibleThing.") ;;; #$List-Sequence (#$isa #$List-Sequence #$ObjectType) (#$genls #$List-Sequence #$Tuple) (#$comment #$List-Sequence "The collection of all lists or finite sequences of items, as an abstract notion. A #$List-Sequence is a special kind of #$Tuple that is a finite structure with a first and last member-position, and for each member-postion but the last, there is a succesor member-position. A #$List-Sequence, like other #$Tuples, allows repetition of its members -- the same item can appear at multiple member-positions in the list. A list can be viewed formally as a function from a finite index set of counting numbers, beginning with one or zero, into the domain of #$Things or perhaps some more restrictive domain. Unlike #$Series, #$List-Sequence is purely abstract and the only implied relation between an item and its successor is the successor relation of the list itself. #$List-Sequence is, technically, more specific than #$Tuple only in that the index set must be the counting numbers in their usual order rather than some other index set.") ;;; #$ListTheFormat (#$isa #$ListTheFormat #$Format) (#$comment #$ListTheFormat "A Format or datatype. Multiple copies of entries, & any number of entries, are OK; and order matters; i.e., if you change the order of two different elements of a list, the resultant list is not equal to the original one") ;;; #$ListWithoutRepetition (#$isa #$ListWithoutRepetition #$StuffType) (#$genls #$ListWithoutRepetition #$TotallyOrderedSet) (#$genls #$ListWithoutRepetition #$List-Sequence) (#$comment #$ListWithoutRepetition "The collection of all those #$List-Sequences, for each of which, no element appears more than once in the list. (In general a #$List-Sequence and #$Series may have repeated elements.) See also #$SeriesWithoutRepetition.") ;;; #$ListeningDeliberately (#$isa #$ListeningDeliberately #$TemporalStuffType) (#$isa #$ListeningDeliberately #$DefaultDisjointScriptType) (#$genls #$ListeningDeliberately #$Hearing) (#$genls #$ListeningDeliberately #$AccessingAnIBT) (#$comment #$ListeningDeliberately "The collection of events in which an #$Agent deliberately facilitates and does #$Hearing.") ;;; #$Liter (#$isa #$Liter #$UnitOfVolume) (#$isa #$Liter #$StandardUnitOfMeasure) (#$isa #$Liter #$MKSUnitOfMeasure) (#$isa #$Liter #$UnitOfMeasureNoPrefix) (#$resultIsa #$Liter #$Volume) (#$resultIsa #$Liter #$ScalarInterval) (#$argsIsa #$Liter #$CycSystemRealNumber) (#$comment #$Liter "The measurement function used in Cyc to represent the standard unit of capacity in the Metric system (and also in Cyc). See also #$UnitOfVolume, #$MKSUnitOfMeasure, #$UnitOfMeasure.") ;;; #$Liver (#$isa #$Liver #$UniqueAnatomicalPartType) (#$isa #$Liver #$AnimalBodyPartType) (#$genls #$Liver #$Organ) (#$comment #$Liver "The collection of all living #$Animal livers. Each instance of #$Liver is a large compound #$InternalOrgan. A #$Liver breaks down dead #$RedBloodCells, removes certain poisons and waste material from the blood stream, creates glycogen from sugars and proteins, stores glycogen, removes certain chemicals from the blood, secretes bile (#$BileTheSecretion) which is used for digestion,and regulates metabolism of carbohydrates, #$Proteins, #$Vitamins, #$Minerals, and fats.") ;;; #$LivingLanguage (#$isa #$LivingLanguage #$ObjectType) (#$genls #$LivingLanguage #$NaturalLanguage) (#$comment #$LivingLanguage "#$LivingLanguage, a subset of #$NaturalLanguage, is the collection of all natural languages which have some native speaker(s).") ;;; #$LocalCustomerContactPoint (#$isa #$LocalCustomerContactPoint #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$LocalCustomerContactPoint #$SingleSiteOrganization) (#$genls #$LocalCustomerContactPoint #$LocalOrganization) (#$comment #$LocalCustomerContactPoint "A collection of organizations. Each element of #$LocalCustomerContactPoint is a single-site organization serving customers in a local area, working from a particular store, office, or other physical quarters where customers (or their agents) go in person to speak with company representatives about the services or products offered. Elements of #$LocalCustomerContactPoint may be either stand-alone organizations or sub-organization of a larger company. Examples of #$LocalCustomerContactPoint include #$NewYorkHospital, #$Threadgills restaurant, the Bank of America office on Jollyville Road, #$StudtmanPhoto studios, the Village Cinema on Anderson Lane.") ;;; #$LocalGovernmentOrganization (#$isa #$LocalGovernmentOrganization #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$LocalGovernmentOrganization #$LegalGovernmentOrganization) (#$genls #$LocalGovernmentOrganization #$LocalOrganization) (#$comment #$LocalGovernmentOrganization "A collection of government organizations; a subset of #$LocalOrganization. An element of #$LocalGovernmentOrganization is any government organization -- whether federal, state, county, or municipal -- that is specific to, i.e., has jurisdiction and/or services generally limited to, one (local) location. For example, a Board of Education of a particular school district is a #$LocalGovernmentOrganization, because its authority extends to schools in a limited (local) area; in the U.S., such a Board answers to another #$LocalGovernmentOrganization, typically a city or township government. In another example, an element of #$VeteransAdministrationMedicalCenter is a local organization in terms of its service area, but bureaucratically it belongs to the U.S. Federal government; thus, #$VeteransAdministrationMedicalCenter is a subset of both #$LocalGovernmentOrganization and #$USFederalGovernmentOrganization.") ;;; #$LocalOrganization (#$isa #$LocalOrganization #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$LocalOrganization #$Organization) (#$comment #$LocalOrganization "A collection of organizations. An element of #$LocalOrganization is an organization having local `scope' -- that is, members distributed in a local area (a #$Neighborhood, #$City, rural region, etc.) or having a local area of activity and concern, as opposed to statewide, national, or international organizations.") ;;; #$LocomotionEvent (#$isa #$LocomotionEvent #$TemporalObjectType) (#$isa #$LocomotionEvent #$DefaultDisjointScriptType) (#$genls #$LocomotionEvent #$AnimalActivity) (#$genls #$LocomotionEvent #$Translation-SinglePath) (#$genls #$LocomotionEvent #$Translation-Complete) (#$comment #$LocomotionEvent "A collection of events; a subset of #$Movement-TranslationEvent. In an instance of #$LocomotionEvent, the #$objectMoving (at least the object that is playing the role of #$doneBy in the event) moves along some pathway under its own power (i.e. plays the role of #$providerOfMotiveForce). In addition to episodes of walking and swimming, #$LocomotionEvent includes events in which an agent moves itself using a device, with that agent supplying the motive force to the device -- as in instances of #$PedalingABicycle, #$IceSkating, #$InLineSkating, etc. Since the locomotor virtually always supplies the vast majority of the force required to make the motion happen, it is safe to infer that IF something plays the role of #$providerOfMotiveForce, THEN it is an #$objectMoving. In certain abnormal situations this rule will make the wrong conclusions: e.g. if a mountain climber's assent is aided by another stationary person above. Some locomotion events are also transportation events, e.g. when someone is walking while carrying something else. Note: Elements of #$LocomotionEvent may be `non-homogeneous' (by contrast, each #$LocomotionProcess is `homogeneous.') That is, if you take #$timeSlices of a #$LocomotionEvent, they may or may not be #$LocomotionEvents. E.g., even though a mountain-climbing event is a #$LocomotionEvent, if you take a time-slice of it -- even a quite long time-slice of it! -- that whole time-slice could be where you were tying your climbing rope to a piton you'd just pounded into the mountainside, and that tying event is not a #$LocomotionEvent. Note that this is not quite the same thing as the granularity of a process, such as #$AnimalWalkingProcess, where if you take a fine enough time-slice you are just lifting your leg up into the air. In the case of a #$LocomotionEvent such as scaling a sheer rock wall, very little of the time actually involves the motion of your body up the wall. ") ;;; #$LocomotionProcess (#$isa #$LocomotionProcess #$TemporalStuffType) (#$isa #$LocomotionProcess #$DefaultDisjointScriptType) (#$genls #$LocomotionProcess #$LocomotionProcess) (#$genls #$LocomotionProcess #$Movement-TranslationProcess) (#$genls #$LocomotionProcess #$LocomotionEvent) (#$comment #$LocomotionProcess "The collection of processes in which an animal moves from one place to another by its own power. A #$LocomotionProcess is an activity considered as a #$TemporalStuffType, in which any time-slice of the activity can also be considered an instance of that activity. Subsets of #$LocomotionProcess include: #$AnimalWalkingProcess, #$Brachiating, #$Climbing, #$WheelchairLocomotionEvent, #$Boring-Locomotion, etc.") ;;; #$LogFn (#$isa #$LogFn #$FunctionFromQuantitiesToQuantities) (#$resultIsa #$LogFn #$ScalarInterval) (#$arg1Isa #$LogFn #$ScalarInterval) (#$comment #$LogFn "#$LogFn is the unary mathematical function that returns the natural logarithm of the number taken as its argument. Its inverse (i.e., #$inverseFunc) is #$ExpFn.") ;;; #$LogicalConnective (#$isa #$LogicalConnective #$RelationType) (#$genls #$LogicalConnective #$Relationship) (#$comment #$LogicalConnective "A collection of mathematical objects, including the basic logical connectives. Each element of #$LogicalConnective is a Cyc predicate which takes one or more truth-valued expressions as arguments and returns a truth-valued argument. The elements of #$LogicalConnective include #$and, #$or, #$not, and #$implies.") ;;; #$Loneliness (#$isa #$Loneliness #$FeelingAttributeType) (#$genls #$Loneliness #$FeelingAttribute) (#$comment #$Loneliness "The disagreeable feeling of being without company. This is a collection; for an explanation of a typical #$FeelingAttributeType, see #$Happiness. Some more specialized #$FeelingAttributeTypes are #$Loneliness, #$Solitude, etc.") ;;; #$LongAndThin (#$isa #$LongAndThin #$AbstractShape) (#$isa #$LongAndThin #$PhysicalStructuralAttribute) (#$comment #$LongAndThin "A physical attribute. #$LongAndThin is the #$PhysicalStructuralAttribute that characterizes a tangible object which has one dimension whose length exceeds that of each of the other two dimensions by at least a factor of three. E.g., pencils, straws, telephone wire, submarines, skyscrapers. Cf. #$SheetShaped.") ;;; #$LookingForSomething (#$isa #$LookingForSomething #$TemporalStuffType) (#$isa #$LookingForSomething #$DefaultDisjointScriptType) (#$genls #$LookingForSomething #$PurposefulAction) (#$comment #$LookingForSomething "Searching for something with the intent to find it. Instances of failure to find the object of the search are still instances of #$LookingForSomething.") ;;; #$LoopFn (#$isa #$LoopFn #$NonPredicateFunction) (#$resultIsa #$LoopFn #$SetOrCollection) (#$arg1Isa #$LoopFn #$Thing) (#$comment #$LoopFn "For each #$PathSystem SYS, (#$LoopFn SYS) denotes the set of all loops in SYS (see #$PathSystem). Note that the function #$LoopFn and the predicate #$loopInSystem are interdefinable. We normally use #$LoopFn, for convenience, when we consider some relations between different path systems even though for a single path system SYS, we can also replace each (#$loopInSystem X SYS) by (#$elementOf X (#$LoopFn SYS)).") ;;; #$LosingUserRights (#$isa #$LosingUserRights #$TemporalObjectType) (#$genls #$LosingUserRights #$TransferOut) (#$genls #$LosingUserRights #$ChangeInUserRights) (#$comment #$LosingUserRights "A collection of events. In an instance of #$LosingUserRights, some #$Agent loses possession of something. Thus, in such an event, that agent loses a previously held right (viz., some #$UserRightsAttribute) to use some item. The item in question is identified as the #$objectOfPossessionTransfer, and the agent is the #$fromPossessor (i.e., the one from whom possession is taken). The #$Agent may or may not be a #$deliberateActors in the event; e.g., selling one's car is done on purpose, but having one's car repossessed probably isn't. If either of those two events happen to you, though, it is an element of the collection #$LosingUserRights.") ;;; #$Love (#$isa #$Love #$FeelingAttributeType) (#$genls #$Love #$Affection) (#$comment #$Love "Strong affection for another agent arising out of kinship or personal ties. Love may be felt towards things, too: warm attachment, enthusiasm, or devotion. This does not, however, mean something as specialized/metaphorical as `Fred loves to eat ice cream' or `Ethel loves to get her way.' #$Love is a collection, as further explained under #$Happiness. Specialized forms of #$Love are #$Love-Romantic, platonic love, maternal love, infatuation, agape, etc.") ;;; #$LowAmountFn (#$isa #$LowAmountFn #$GenericValueFunction) (#$resultIsa #$LowAmountFn #$ScalarInterval) (#$arg1Isa #$LowAmountFn #$PrimitiveAttributeType) (#$arg1Genl #$LowAmountFn #$ScalarInterval) (#$comment #$LowAmountFn "#$LowAmountFn is a Cyc function, in particular, an #$IndividualDenotingFunction. It is one of several functions used to denote so-called `generic' amounts of a wide variety of attributes. When ATT is a type of attribute, (#$LowAmountFn ATT) returns an instance of ATT which is considered `a low amount of' ATT in the current context. A low amount of ATT is more than (#$VeryLowAmountFn ATT) but less than (#$MediumAmountFn ATT).") ;;; #$Lung (#$isa #$Lung #$SymmetricAnatomicalPartType) (#$genls #$Lung #$Organ) (#$comment #$Lung "The collection of all lungs, the primary respiratory organs of #$AirBreathingVertebrates.") ;;; #$MKSUnitOfMeasure (#$isa #$MKSUnitOfMeasure #$RelationType) (#$genls #$MKSUnitOfMeasure #$UnitOfMeasure) (#$comment #$MKSUnitOfMeasure "A subset of #$UnitOfMeasure. #$MKSUnitOfMeasure is the collection of all the measurement functions whose results use the MKS (i.e., meter-kilogram-second) system of measure to describe physical quantities. Examples: #$MetersPerSecondPerSecond, #$Liter, #$Metric